Michael Sittow
Michael Sittow | |
|---|---|
 Diego de Guevara by Sittow, ca. 1517 | |
| Nationality | Flemish |
| Education | Hans Memling |
| Known for | Painting, Portraits |
| Movement | Early Netherlandish painting |
Michael Sittow, also known as Master Michiel, Michel Sittow, Michiel, Miguel and many other variants [1] (c.1469–1525) was a painter from Reval (then a member of the Hanseatic League, now Tallinn, Estonia) who was trained in the tradition of Early Netherlandish painting. Sittow worked for Isabella of Castille, the Habsburgs and others in Spain and the Netherlands.
Life
Michael Sittow was born in 1468 or 1469 in Reval to a wealthy family. His father was the Flemish painter and wood-carver Claves van der Sittow (Suttow[2]), and his mother was Margarethe Molner, a Finland Swede and the daughter of a wealthy merchant[3]. He was the eldest of three children[4].
At first Sittow studied under his father, but after his father's death he went to train with Hans Memling in Bruges from 1484 to 1488, in what was then the leading Netherlandish workshop.[2][5] Having probably already worked as a portrait painter, he travelled south to visit Italy.[4]
From 1492 Sittow worked in Toledo, Spain for Isabella of Castille as court painter. He became known as Melchior Alemán ("the German")[6] in the court, although letters of Emperor Maximilian and Margaret of Austria speak also of a painter "Mychel Flamenco" ("Michael the Fleming"), who may have been Michael Sittow[2]. Sittow was the highest-paid painter in the queen's court, receiving a salary of 50,000 maravedis a year (Juan de Flandes, the second highest paid artist, received 20,000 maravedis)[6].
Officially Sittow worked for Isabella until her death in 1504, although he had left Spain in 1502 and was presumably working in Flanders for the queen's Habsburg son-in-law Philip the Handsome.[3][4]
Sittow probably visited London in about 1503-05, although this is not documented. He is regarded as the author of the portrait of Henry VII (National Portrait Gallery, London), later used as a model by Hans Holbein and other painters when crafting their posthumous depictions of the monarch.[4][5] If a portrait in Vienna is indeed of Isabella's daughter Catherine of Aragon, already widowed by the death of Henry's heir Arthur, Prince of Wales and soon to remarry his brother, later Henry VIII, this would have been painted on this visit.
When Philip died in 1506, Sittow lost his patron again. In the same year, he returned to Reval where his stepfather glass-maker Diderick van Katwijk had seized and sold his parents' houses, as Michael's mother had passed away in 1501. Van Katwijk had journeyed to Brabant in 1501 and offered a property settlement to Sittow that the latter refused.[2] As the local court did not support Sittow's claim for inheritance, he had to go to the Court of Higher Instance in Lubeck. He won the case in Lubeck, but could not officially register his parents' houses as his property until the death of his stepfather in 1518.[4][3]
Michael Sittow joined the Guild of Kanut (Estonian: Kanuti gild), the local painters' guild in 1507 and married in 1508. Despite being a renowned master in Europe, Sittow was accepted only as a journeyman and was required to paint a masterpiece before becoming a full master craftsman in the guild.[3] Sittow completed various local orders and worked for the St. Peter's Church in Siuntio, Finland.[4]
In 1514 he was called to visit Copenhagen, to paint the portrait of Christian II of Denmark. The portrait was intended as a gift for Christian's bethrothed, Isabella of Austria, granddaughter of Isabella of Castille. The portrait that is held in Copenhagen's Statens Museum for Kunst is probably a copy of a lost original.
From there he traveled to the Southern Netherlands where he served Margaret of Austria, the Habsburg vice-regent of the Netherlands.[4][7]
From the Netherlands, Sittow returned to Spain and worked for Ferdinand II of Aragon, followed in 1516 by the Spanish King Carlos I, the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. When Charles V resigned from power he took Sittow's wooden sculpture of the Virgin and three paintings with him to the Escurial.[2][4][3] It is possible that Sittow ventured to Spain in an attempt to recover an unpaid salary from queen Isabel of Castille[5].
In 1516 (possibly 1517 or 1518) Michael Sittow returned to Reval[5]. In 1518, he married his second wife, Dorothie, a daughter of a merchant named Allunsze. In 1523, Sittow became the Aldermann (guild-master) of the Guild of Kanut[4].
Michael Sittow died of the plague in Reval sometime at the end of 1525. He is buried in the cemetery of the almshouse of the Church of the Holy Spirit (Estonian: Pühavaimu kirik).
Works by Michael Sittow
The name of Michel Sittow was nearly unknown for centuries, until in 1914 Max J. Friedländer put forward a hypothesis that Master Michiel, court painter of Queen Isabella, is the author of the diptych discovered near Burgos, depicting the Virgin and Child on one side and a Knight of the Order of Calatrava on the other. In subsequent decades scholars put together a picture of Master Michiel's career in Spain, the Netherlands and in Denmark, but it was not until 1940, when Baltic-German historian Paul Johansen identified the mysterious Master Michiel as Michel Sittow from Reval.[2][3]
Michael Sittow specialized mainly in small devotional works and portraits, which sometimes project a melancholy mood. He used translucent layers of paint to achieve highly refined and subdued colour harmonies, combined with light effects and sensitivity to texture[8]. E. P. Richardson described Sittow's work "/../an artist somewhat like Van Dyck in a later epoch; a brilliant painter of religious subjects, but of outstanding qualities as a portrait painter. His portraits are among the finest of their time, vivid, candid, crisply elegant and reserved.[2]" Henry7sittow1.jpg Few works certainly by Sittow survive, and there are many problems of attribution around his work. Though his biography is well documented, the only works that can be attributed to him with certainty are two rather atypical very small panels from a large series mostly by Juan de Flandes for Queen Isabella. The attributions of both the portrait (today in Washington, D.C.) called Don Diego de Guevara (d. Brussels 1520)[9], a Spanish career courtier of the Habsburgs, and the painting of the Virgin and Child which together with it once formed a diptych (in Berlin), are nearly certain, as Diego's illegitimate son Felipe de Guavara made mention of his father's portrait by Sittow.[10]
Sittow's paintings are not signed and dated. There are more than thirty works attributed to Michael Sittow, however, most of them have not been verified as his. Many of his paintings (mentioned in various documents) and almost all of his sculptures have not been preserved[5][11].
- Virgin and Child (left wing of a diptych), Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, matches
- Portrait of Diego de Guevara (right wing of a diptych), Washington DC, The National Gallery of Art
- Virgin and Child (Budapest, Szépmüvészeti Múzeum)
- Portrait of Christian II, King of Denmark (Copenhagen, Statens Museum for Kunst, probably a copy)
- Portrait of Henry VII, King of England (London, National Portrait Gallery)
- Portrait probably of Catherine of Aragon, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum
- Catherine of Aragon as the Magdalene, Detroit Institute of Arts
- Virgin and Child with St. Bernard (Madrid, Museo Lázaro Galdiano)
- Portrait of a Man with a Pearl (Madrid, Palacio Real)
- Christ Carrying the Cross, Moscow, Pushkin Museum
- Coronation of the Virgin (Paris, Louvre)
- Portrait of a Lady (Paris, Louvre)
- Passion Altarpiece (St. Nicholas' Church, Tallinn)
- Portrait of a Man, The Hague, Mauritshuis
- Nativity, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum
- Assumption of the Virgin (panel from the small altarpiece of Queen Isabella of Castile) Washington DC, The National Gallery of Art
- Ascension (panel from the small altarpiece of Queen Isabella of Castile) (Private Collection)
In literature
Michael Sittow (as Michel Sittow) is the main character in Jaan Kross' novel Four Monologues on St George (Estonian: Neli monoloogi Püha Jüri asjus, 1970). The book is written in the form of a judicial inquiry and explores such issues as nationhood, political exile and cultural assimilation[12].
See also
References
- ^ "Union List of Artist Names". Getty Research. 2004. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g Richardson, E. P. (1958). "Portrait of a Man in a Red Hat by Master Michiel" (PDF). Bulletin of Detroit Institute of Arts. XXXVIII (4): 79–83.
- ^ a b c d e f Liivrand, Harry (2004-05-13). "Michel Sittow - meie esimene eurooplane". Eesti Ekspress (in Estonian). EkspressMeedia. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Risthein, Helena (2005). "Michel Sittow". Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ a b c d e Krista Kodres, ed. (2005). Eesti kunsti ajalugu. 2, 1520-1770. Eesti kunsti ajalugu (in Estonian). Vol. 2. Estonia: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia. ISBN 9789985960028.
- ^ a b Barbara F. Weissberger, ed. (2008). Queen Isabel I of Castile. Monografías A. Tamesis Books. p. 140. ISBN 9781855661592.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Martha Woolf, Michel Sittow, Grove Art Online, accessed January 31,2008
- ^ "Michael Sittow". Getty Museum. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ Portrait of Diego de Guevara {?)
- ^ Early Netherlandish Painting (The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue). Cambridge University Press. 1986. p. 228. ISBN 0521340160.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Centre for the Study of fifteenth-century Painting in the Southern Netherlands and the Principality of Liège". Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ Thomson, Ian (2007-12-29). "Jaan Kross: Writer who through his novels sought to restore the national memory of his native Estonia". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-05-25.