Classical Wiener space

In mathematics, classical Wiener space is the collection of all continuous functions on a given domain (usually a sub-interval of the real line), taking values in a metric space (usually n-dimensional Euclidean space). Classical Wiener space is useful in the study of stochastic processes whose sample paths are continuous functions. It is named after the American mathematician Norbert Wiener.

Norbert Wiener

Definition

Given $E\subseteq \mathbb {R}$ and a metric space $(M,d)$, the classical Wiener space $C(E;M)$ is the vector space of all continuous functions $f:E\to M$: i.e., for every (fixed) $t\in E$,

$d(f(s),f(t))\to 0$ as $|s-t|\to 0.$

In almost all applications, one takes $E=[0,T]\,$ or $[0,+\infty )$ and $M=\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ for some $n\in \mathbb {N}$. For brevity, write $C$ for $C([0,T];\mathbb {R} ^{n})$. Write $C_{0}$ for the linear subspace consisting only of those paths that start at the origin. (Many authors refer to $C_{0}$ as "classical Wiener space".)

The more general case is treated in, for example, Billingsley.

Properties of classical Wiener space

Uniform topology

The vector space $C$ can be equipped with the uniform norm

$\|f\|:=\sup _{t\in [0,T]}|f(t)|$

turning it into a normed vector space (and indeed into a Banach space as we will see below.) This norm induces a metric on $C$ in the usual way: $d(f,g):=\|f-g\|$. The topology generated by the open sets in this metric is the topology of uniform convergence on $[0,T]$, or the uniform topology.

Thinking of the domain $[0,T]$ as "time" and the range $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ as "space", an intuitive view of the uniform topology is that two functions are "close" if we can "wiggle space a bit" and get the graph of $f$ to lie on top of the graph of $g$, while leaving time fixed. Contrast this with the Skorokhod topology, which allows us to "wiggle" both space and time.

Separability and completeness

With respect to the uniform metric, $C$ is both a separable and a complete space:

• separability is a consequence of the Stone-Weierstrass theorem;
• completeness is a consequence of the fact that the uniform limit of a sequence of continuous functions is itself continuous.

Since it is both separable and complete, $C$ is a Polish space.

Tightness in classical Wiener space

Recall that the modulus of continuity for a function $f:[0,T]\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ is defined by

$\varpi _{f}(\delta ):=\sup \left\{|f(s)-f(t)|\left|s,t\in [0,T],|s-t|\leq \delta \right.\right\}.$

This definition makes sense even if $f$ is not continuous, and it can be shown that a function is continuous if and only if its modulus of continuity tends to zero as $\delta \to 0$:

$f\in C\iff \varpi _{f}(\delta )\to 0$ as $\delta \to 0.$

By an application of the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem, one can show that a sequence $(\mu _{n})_{n=1}^{\infty }$ of probability measures on classical Wiener space $C$ is tight if and only if both the following conditions are met:

$\lim _{a\to \infty }\limsup _{n\to \infty }\mu _{n}\{f\in C||f(0)|\geq a\}=0,$ and

$\lim _{\delta \to 0}\limsup _{n\to \infty }\mu _{n}\{f\in C|\varpi _{f}(\delta )\geq \varepsilon \}=0$ for all $\varepsilon >0.$

Classical Wiener measure

There is a "standard" measure on $C_{0}$, known as classical Wiener measure (or simply Wiener measure). Wiener measure has (at least!) two equivalent characterizations:

If one defines Brownian motion to be a Markov stochastic process $B:[0,T]\times \Omega \to \mathbb {R} ^{n}$, starting at the origin, with almost surely continuous paths and increments

$B_{t}-B_{s}\sim \mathrm {Normal} \left(0,|t-s|\right),$

then classical Wiener measure $\gamma$ is the law of the process $B$.

Alternatively, one may use the abstract Wiener space construction, in which classical Wiener measure $\gamma$ is the radonification of the canonical Gaussian cylinder set measure on the Cameron-Martin Hilbert space corresponding to $C_{0}$.

Classical Wiener measure is a Gaussian measure: in particular, it is a strictly positive probability measure.

Given classical Wiener measure $\gamma$ on $C_{0}$, the product measure $\gamma ^{n}\times \gamma$ is a probability measure on $C$, where $\gamma ^{n}$ denotes the standard Gaussian measure on $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$.

See also

• Skorokhod space, a generalization of classical Wiener space, which allows functions to be discontinuous.
• Abstract Wiener space
• Wiener process.

References

• Billingsley, Patrick (1995). Probability and Measure. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-471-00710-2.