Anglo-Polish alliance
The Anglo-Polish military alliance refers to agreements reached between the United Kingdom and the Polish Second Republic for mutual assistance in case of military invasion by a third party (without secret protocol).
British Guarantee to Poland
On March 31, 1939, in response to Nazi Germany's defiance of the Munich Agreement and occupation of Czechoslovakia,[1] the United Kingdom pledged the support of itself and France to guarantee Polish independence.
On April 6, during a visit to London by the Polish foreign minister, it was agreed to formalize the guarantee as an Anglo-Polish military alliance, pending negotiations.[2]
This guarantee was extended on April 13th to Greece and Romania following Italy's invasion of Albania.[3]
Polish-British Common Defence Pact
On August 25th, two days after the Nazi-Soviet Pact, the Polish-British Common Defence Pact was signed. The treaty contained promises of mutual military assistance between the nations in the event either was attacked by another European country. The United Kingdom, sensing a dangerous trend of German expansionism, sought to prevent German aggression by this show of solidarity. In a secret protocol of the pact, the United Kingdom only actually offered assistance in the case of an attack on Poland specifically by Germany, though both the United Kingdom and Poland were bound not to enter agreements with any other third countries which were a threat to the other.[4]
Because of the pact's signing, Hitler postponed his planned invasion of Poland from August 26 until September 1.[5]
Analysis
At the time Adolf Hitler was demanding cession of the port of Danzig, military access to the Polish Corridor, and special privileges for the German minority within Poland. By the terms of the military alliance, each party was free to decide whether to oppose with force any territorial encroachment, as the pact did not include any statement of either party's commitment to the defense of the other party's territorial integrity.[6] The Pact did contain provisions regarding "indirect threats" and attempts to undermine either party's independence by means of "economic penetration", a clear reference to the peculiar status of Danzig. Fearing all-out German invasion no matter what, the Poles rejected the German demands.
The British and French governments had plans other than fulfilling their treaties with Poland. On May 4, a meeting was held in Paris at which it was decided that "the fate of Poland depends on the final outcome of the war, which will depend on our ability to defeat Germany rather than to aid Poland at the beginning."[citation needed] Poland's government was not notified of this decision, and the Polish-British talks in London were continued. Also in May 1939, Poland signed a secret protocol to the 1921 Franco-Polish Military Alliance.
On September 17 the Red Army forces invaded Poland through the eastern Polish border. The Polish government ordered its troops to withdraw and not to fight against the Soviet Union. Both the initial unilateral British guarantee, and the bilateral Pact, required the attacked party to decide to engage the aggressor "in hostilities", "with its national armed forces". Since Poland did not do that, Great Britain came under no obligation to declare war on the Soviet Union.
See also
References
- ^ Martin Collier, Philip Pedley. Germany, 1919-45
- ^ Andrew J. Crozier. The Causes of the Second World War, pg. 151
- ^ Michael G. Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy
- ^ Jerzy Jan Lerski. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945, pg. 49
- ^ Frank McDonough. Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement and the British Road to War, pg. 86
- ^ "On 31 March 1939 the British government guaranteed the independence (though not the territorial integrity) of Poland, in which they were joined by France."
Paul M. Hayes, 'Themes in Modern European History, 1890-1945', Routledge (1992), ISBN 0415079055
- Agreement of Mutual Assistance Between the United Kingdom and Poland.-London, August 25, 1939.
- Template:En icon Count Edward Raczyński (1948). The British-Polish Alliance; Its Origin and Meaning. London: Mellville Press.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Further reading
- Anita J. Prazmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 1939, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-33148-X