N-curve

Introduction

There are many ways of transforming a mathematical curve. Here we introduce a method using the principles of Functional-Theoretic Algebra(FTA).

A curve γ in the FTA C[0, 1] of curves, is invertible, i.e.

$\gamma ^{-1}$ exists if

$\gamma (0)\gamma (1)\neq 0$. If $\gamma ^{*}=(\gamma (0)+\gamma (1))e-\gamma$, then

$\gamma ^{-1}={\frac {\gamma ^{*}}{\gamma (0)\gamma (1)}}$.

The set G of invertible curves is a non-commutative group under multiplication. Also the set H of loops at 1 is an Abelian subgroup of G. If $\gamma \in H$, then the mapping $\alpha \to \gamma ^{-1}\cdot \alpha \cdot \gamma$ is an inner automorphism of the group G.

We use these concepts to define n-curves and n-curving.

n-Curves and Their Products

If x is a real number, then [x] denotes the greatest integer not greater than x and $x-[x]\in [0,1].$

If $\gamma \in H$ and n is a positive integer, then define a curve $\gamma _{n}$ by

$\gamma _{n}(t)=\gamma (nt-[nt])$. $\gamma _{n}$ is also a loop at 1 and we call it an n-curve. Note that every curve in H is a 1-curve.

Suppose $\alpha ,\beta \in H.$ Then, since $\alpha (0)=\beta (1)=1,\alpha \cdot \beta =\beta +\alpha -e$, where $e(t)=1,\forall t\in [0,1].$

Example of a Product of n-curves

Let us take u, the unit circle centered at the origin and Products of n-curves often yield beautiful new curves. α, the astroid. Then, $u_{n}(t)=\cos(2\pi nt)+i\sin(2\pi nt)$

$\alpha (t)=\cos ^{3}(2\pi t)+i\sin ^{3}(2\pi t)$

The parametric equations of $\alpha \cdot u_{n}$ are $x=\cos ^{3}(2\pi t)+\cos(2\pi nt)-1,y=\sin ^{3}(2\pi t)+\sin(2\pi nt)$