FGR-17 Viper
| FGR-17 Viper | |
|---|---|
 The FGR-17 VIPER in extended position | |
| Type | Anti-tank/unguided rocket |
| Place of origin |  United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1983 - canceled same year |
| Wars | Cold War |
| Production history | |
| Designed | Late 1970s |
| Manufacturer | General Dynamics, Pomona Division |
| Unit cost | $1,310.00 FY 1982-83 |
| Produced | 1982 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 4kg |
| Length | 111.7cm ready to fire |
| Caliber | 70mm |
| Muzzle velocity | 257ms |
| Effective firing range | 250m moving - 500m stationary |
| Sights | pop up M16 type iron sights |
The FGR-17 Viper was a U.S. one man disposable antitank rocket which had slated in the 1980s to be the replacement for the M72 LAW, but was canceled shortly after production began due a major public scandal resulting from massive cost overruns and safety concerns, as well as a mistaken belief by the U.S. Congress and the American public that the term light antitank weapon meant a weapon that could defeat any hostile armored vehicle threat from any firing angle (including frontal shots against Russia's new T-64 and T-72 main battle tanks).[1][2]
Program history
Start of the program
The Viper program began in 1972 as a study to replace the M72 LAW. In 1975, a program designated ILAW (Improved Light Antitank Weapon) issued a request for proposals to the defense industry, and in 1976 after studying the various industry proposals, the U.S. Army designated General Dynamics as the prime contractor, changing the ILAW program name to "Viper". The main requirements for the ILAW/Viper program was for a disposable weapon in the same weight and size category as the M72 LAW, but with major improvements in accuracy, safety and penetration and without a major increase in cost per round over the M72 LAW which it was to replace.
Poor requirements statement
When the ILAW requirement was first issued, the Army wanted an individual antitank weapon with such a low cost that it would be as common in infantry units as the hand grenade was. All these requirements, which included items contradictory to each other, proved to be too great a hurdle for General Dynamics. This resulted in subsequent issues that led to highly publicized congressional inquires into a classified GAO report which stated that the Viper "...barely meets the low end of the Army's requirement..." and furthermore concluded "Viper did not demonstrate any significant superiority over the M72 LAW."
Over-optimistic statements by the prime contractor
Journalists soon discovered that when the prime contractor was named in 1976 for the Viper program, General Dynamics had told the Army that when mass production for the Viper was reached, the cost of Viper would only be $78.00 per round before inflation. Despite the negative publicity, the Army decided to continue the Viper program and make improvements. In December 1981, General Dynamics was awarded a $14.4 million dollar contract start production for 1400 Viper rounds.
Safety issues
Shortly after this contract was issued, there were also reports of safety problems with the first production lot during field evaluation tests by the U.S. Army. Test firings had shown Viper rounds to have a safety problem with its fuze system that caused the warhead to explode shortly after launch. One report detailed an accident at Fort Benning, Georgia where a helicopter pallet of Viper rounds were found to be damaged by static electricity.
Scandal and congressional intervention
In February 1982, in a move that took even the strongest supporters of the Army by surprise, the Army issued a second contract worth $83.7 million for 60,000 more Viper rounds. Following the anger caused by the letting of this second contract and because of the earlier GAO report on the Viper, massive cost overruns, and then the safety concerns revealed in the Army's evaluations, in December 1982 Senator Warren Rudman (R-NH) inserted an amendment into the Army's funding bill. This amendment deleted 69% of the Viper funding and further mandated testing of available light antitank weapons which were already in production, including non-U.S. models, with a report due back to Congress in 1983.
End of the program
| External images | |
|---|---|
| VIPER brochure 1981 | |
 Front-Back | |
| Section 1 | |
| Section 2 | |
| Section 3 |
About this time, General Dynamics made the decision not to compete in the tests mandated by Congress, because of the Army's demand for a fixed price contract on any future Viper production lots that were to include safety improvements. This in effect meant that after the Army had spent over $250 million on a M72 LAW replacement since 1975, the Viper program was at an end. With General Dynamics decision to refuse a fixed price contract request, the Army announced in September 1983 that it was canceling all contracts for the FGR-17 Viper. Two months later, the testing mandated by congress found the Swedish designed AT4 the most suitable off-the-shelf option to replace the M72 LAW. The AT4 did not meet every requirement, but it was the only one to meet most of the requirements. Congress agreed and funded that weapon as the future M72 LAW replacement. [3][4][5]
References and Notes
- ^ Eric C. Ludvigsen, associate editor, Army Green Book 1983-84, page 307.
- ^ Shortly after the Viper was canceled, the U.S. Army dropped the term LAW (light antitank weapon) and replaced it with LAAW (light anti-armor weapon) and LMPW (light multi-purpose weapon).
- ^ Jim Graves, Combat Weapons/Fall 1985 "Viper Bites the Dust" page 36.
- ^ D. Kyle and D. Meyer, Armed Forces Journal International/October 1983 "Interview: General Donald R. Keith" page 52.
- ^ D. Kyle, Armed Forces Journal International/November 1983 "Viper Dead, Army Picks AT-4 Antitank Missile" page 21.