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Franz Ignaz Beck

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Franz Ignaz Beck (ca. 1795)

Franz Ignaz Beck (Mannheim, February 20, 1734 – Bordeaux, December 31, 1809) was a German violinist, composer, conductor and music teacher who spent the greater part of his life in France, where he became director of the Bordeaux Grand Théâtre.[1] Possibly the most talented pupil of Johann Stamitz, Beck is an important representative of the second generation of the so-called Mannheim school. His fame rests on his 24 symphonies that are among the most original and striking of the pre-Classical period. He was one of the first composers to introduce the regular use of wind instruments in slow movements and put an increasing emphasis on thematic development. His taut, dramatic style is also remarkable for its employment of bold harmonic progressions, flexible rhythms and highly independent part writing.[2]

Biography

1734-1754 Youth in Mannheim

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Mannheim Palace (ca. 1725)

Franz Ignaz Beck began his violin studies with his father, Johann Aloys Beck (died 1742), an oboist and Rector of the Choir School at the Palatinate Court in Mannheim. He also learned double bass and organ, among other instruments, and eventually came under the tutelage of Johann Stamitz, the director of fnstrumental music and leader of the brilliant Mannheim court orchestra. Beck's talents were quickly recognized and the Prince elector of the Palatinate, Charles Theodore undertook responsibility for his education. As a youth Beck was very much in favour with the Mannheim court and named chamber virtuoso of the Prince elector.

1755-1757 Violinist in Venice and Naples

His time in Mannheim came to an abrupt end when he - seemingly fatally - wounded an opponent in a duel (allegedly because of jealousy), an act that forced him to leave Germany. It is hard to ascertain whether this is really what happened or just a Berlioz-like cloak and dagger story. The only source for this tale is Beck’s pupil Henri Blanchard who published this account in a biography of his former teacher in the Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris (1845). According to Blanchard, Beck’s opponent had only feigned his death, but Beck was not to learn this for several years.

When Beck’s six symphonies op. 3 were published in Paris several years later (1762) the edition bore this title:

SEI SINFONIE / A PIÙ STROMENTI / Composte / Dal Sigr. FRANCESCO BECK / Virtuoso di Camera di Sua / A. S. L’ELECTOR PALATINO, / & Actualmente Primo Violino / d’ell Concerto di Marsilia. /OPERA TERZA. /...Chez Mr. Venier...’[3][4]

From this it is sometimes inferred that the story of Beck fighting a duel was probably a hoax.[5] If Beck, so the reasoning goes, had in all truth been forced to flee from the Mannheim court because he had killed someone in a duel, then he would not have possessed the audacity to openly advertise the fact that he used to be a chamber virtuoso with exactly the same court. However, seen from another angle this might corroborate the truth of Blanchard’s story. If Beck had indeed not killed the other man and he knew by then that everything had been a vicious prank and his opponent alive, then the story might be true after all.

Whatever the circumstances of his departure, from Mannheim Beck made his way to Venice where he appeared as a violinist and studied composition with Baldassare Galuppi. Galuppi, whose name as a composer has faded over the centuries, was between 1750 and 1765 the most performed opera composer in Europe. In Mannheim he was especially well known. Several of his operas (16 all together) were staged at Mannheim in the middle of the 18th century. Thus, Galuppi would have known Mannheim and the fact that Mannheim had the leading orchestra in Europe. This helps to explain why Beck after his dramatic flight had probably little difficulty to establish himself in Venice and become Galuppi’s pupil.[6]

After three years in Venice he eloped to Naples with one Anna Oniga , his future wife and mother of his seven children. It seems that Beck's career as a composer started largely during his years in Italy; this may also explain why in many traits he shows himself to be quite his own man and rather independent of the typical Mannheim style.

1757-1760 Fame in France

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Marseille (ca. 1700)

After his sojourn in Italy Beck moved to Marseilles where he became concert master at the theatre orchestra. The exact date of his arrival in France is uncertain yet for the year 1757 the performance of one of his symphonies in Paris is documented.[7] When Beck’s Parisian publisher Venier announced the publication of Beck's op. 3 in the November of 1762 he introduced Beck to with these words: Actualmente Primo Violino del Concerto di Marsilia.[8] Between 1757 and 1762 all of his 24 his symphonies were published in rapid succession by Parisian firms. At least seven performances of Beck's symphonies are known to have been given in Marseilles in 1760-61.

1761-1791 Kapellmeister in Bordeaux

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Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux (Modern view)

In 1761 Beck moved from Marseilles to Bordeaux where he became director of concerts and was appointed conductor of the Grand Théâtre. His was also active as organist and teacher. Among his more prominent pupils were Pierre Gaveaux, Henri Blanchard and one Boscha. On 24 October 1774 he was appointed organist at St Seurin, Bordeaux, where his improvisatory powers won him admiration from the congregation.

By the time he was settled in Bordeaux Beck's best times as a composer were all but over. Much of what he wrote there seems to have been either lost or destroyed by Beck himself. His greatest success came in 1783 when he travelled to Paris to direct the first performance of his Stabat mater in Versailles.

As did many other composers[9], Beck wrote patriotic and revolutionary music during the Revolution, including a Hymne á l'Être Suprême. Nevertheless, in 1791 he got into trouble with the new authorities when through caustic remarks he openly ridiculed some overzealous partisans of the new spirit. He seems to have been a self-assured, proud and stubborn man. When he was subsequently put before a revolutionary trial in his nightshirt, he answered questions concerning his attitude towards the revolution with the exclamation: "What could I do against the revolution!?"[10]

1791-1809 Last years in Bordeaux

Beck’s fortunes declined in the aftermath of the French Revolution. Whereas in the year 1791 he was still able to pay his mother in law a pension of 400 Livres, a few years later he was barely able to support his family.

In 1806 he sent the score of his Stabat Mater with a personal dedication to Napoleon – whether out of genuine admiration or in an attempt to ingratiate himself with the great Corse is hard to decide.

Beck had six daughters, of whom two died early. His only son was commander of a French corvette (in the Napoleonic wars) and held captive by the English for a long time.

Works (Selection)

Orchestral

Beck’s 24 symphonies[11]are in three movements and follow the Italian sinfonia with the customary tempi: fast-slow-fast. The Minuet, as thrird movement already ubiquitous in Johann Stamitz’ symphonies, is omitted by Beck. The symphonies Op. 1 are scored for string orchestra; in Op. 2, No. 1 (Callen 7) in addition to the strings two French horns are demanded; op. 3 and 4 are scored for oboes and horns in addition to the string quintet.

  • Six Symphonies Op. 1 (Callen 1-6; publ. Paris 1758)
  • Six Symphonies Op. 2 (Callen 7-12; publ. Paris 1760)
  • Six Symphonies Op. 3 (Callen 13-18; publ. Paris 1762)
  • Six Symphonies Op. 4 (Callen 19-24; publ. Paris 1766)
  • Ouverture La mort d' Orphée
  • Ouverture L'Isle Déserte
  • Stabat Mater (1782)
  • Orchestra quartets

Operas

  • La belle jardinière (Bordeaux, August 24, 1767)
  • Pandora (Paris, July 2, 1789)
  • L'Isle déserte (1779, unperformed)

Piano

  • Several piano sonatas

Discography (Selection)

Notes and References

  1. ^ See Entry “Franz Iganz Beck” in: (Badley 2005), (Blume 1949-1987), (Slonimsky 1958). Particularly helpful is the lengthy essay on beck by Robert Sondheimer in: (Blume 1949-1987).
  2. ^ This favourable judgment on Beck's symphonies is by musicologist Barry S. Brook. The quote is from the online version of the booklet of the NAXOS recording of Beck Six Symphonies Op. 1.
  3. ^ See: Artaria Editions.
  4. ^ Translation: "Six symphonies for several instruments, composition by Sir Francesco Beck, chamber virtuoso of his highness the Elector Palatine and presently concert master of the concert of Marseille."
  5. ^ (Badley 2005)
  6. ^ Wilhelm Herrmann: Die Mannheimer Operntextsammlung, pp. 66-77 in:(Würtz, 1984).
  7. ^ (Badley 2005)
  8. ^ At present first violinist oft the Concert of Marseilles.
  9. ^ Ignaz Pleyel would be a good example
  10. ^ (Blume 1949-1987)
  11. ^ All information concerning the orchestral scoring and the Callen numbers was obtained from Artaria Editions.

Sources

  • Badley, Allan. Franz Ignaz Beck - Six Symphonies, Op. 1 (CD-Booklet). Naxos Rights International Ltd., 2005.
  • Badley, Allan. Franz Ignaz Beck - Six Symphonies, Op. 1 (CD-Booklet). Naxos Rights International Ltd., 2005.Online version
  • Blume, Friedrich, Hrsg.(Ed.): Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik. (Ungekürzte elektronische Ausgabe der ersten Auflage). (1949-1987). Kassel: Bärenreiter.
  • Slonimsky, Nicolas, ed. Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. 5th Completely Revised Edition. New York, 1958.
  • Walther Killy, Rudolf Vierhaus, Hrsg. (ed.) Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopäde (German Biographic Encyclopaedia). Bd. (Vol.) 5. K-G. 10 Bde. (Vols.) Munich: KG Saur, 1999. ISBN 3598231865
  • Würtz, Roland, Hrsg. (ed.) Mannheim und Italien - Zur Vorgeschichte der Mannheimer. Mainz: Schott, 1984. ISBN 3795713269
  • Artaria Artaria Editions with Callen catalogue numbers
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