Treaty of Berwick 1560
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New article name is Treaty of Berwick (1560)
The 1560 Treaty of Berwick was signed 27 February 1560 at Berwick-on-Tweed. It was an agreement between the representatives of [Queen Elizabeth I]] of England and the Scottish Lords of the Congregation The purpose was to agree the terms under which an English fleet and army would come to Scotland to expel the French troops who were defending the Regency of Mary of Guise. The lords were trying both to expel the French and to effect the Scottish Reformation, and this had lead from rioting to armed conflict.[1]
The leader of the lords was the Duke of Chatelherault, he had formerly been Regent, but in this treaty was described as 'second person', meaning that he was heir to the throne after Mary, Queen of Scots. His representative at Berwick were Lord James Stewart, Patrick, Lord Ruthven, Sir John Maxwell of Terregles, William Maitland younger of Lethington, John Wishart of Pitarro, and Master Henry Balnaves of Halhill. England's representative was Thomas, Duke of Norfolk.[2]
The treaty was effective, and the English army came in and assisted with the Siege of Leith until hostilities ended after the death of Mary of Guise and the Treaty of Edinburgh was made. The French fortifications were demolished and the French and Ebnglish went home. The religious ambitions of the Scottish lords were realised in the Reformation Parliament of August 1560.
The Berwick articles included:
1 The belief of Elizabeth that France intended to conquer Scotland , and offered her protection to its nobility.
2 Elizabeth would send an army with all speed.
3 All forts won by the force would be destroyed, or delivered to the Duke.
4 The Scots will aid the English Army.
5 All enemies of England are enemies of both.
6 Scotland shall be no further united to France than by Mary's marriage.
7 Scotland will help repel French invasions of England.
8 The Earl of Argyll will help English rule in the north of Ireland.
9 The Scottish will offer hostages.
10 The treaty to be signed by the Duke after the hostages are delivered. There is no due obedience withdrawn from Mary or the French king.