Antonio Machado
Antonio Machado | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Occupation | Poet, Professor of French |
| Language | Spanish |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Genre | Poetry |
| Notable works | Soledades, Campos de Castilla |
| Spouse | Leonor Izquierdo |
Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz, known as Antonio Machado (July 26, 1875 – February 22, 1939) was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of '98.
Life
Machado was born in Seville one year after his brother Manuel. The family moved to Madrid in 1883 and both brothers enrolled in the Institución Libre de Enseñanza. During these years, and with the encouragement of his teachers, Antonio discovered his passion for literature.
While completing his Bachillerato in Madrid, economic difficulties forced him to take several jobs including working as an actor. In 1899 he travelled with his brother to Paris to work as translators for a French publisher. During these months in Paris he came into contact with the great French Symbolist poets Jean Moréas, Paul Fort and Paul Verlaine, and also with other contemporary literary figures, including Rubén Darío and Oscar Wilde. These encounters cemented Machado's decision to dedicate himself to poetry.
In 1901 he had his first poems published in the literary journal 'Electra'. His first book of poetry was published in 1903 with the title Soledades. Over the next few years he gradually amended the collection, removing some and adding many more, and in 1907 the definitive collection was published with the title Soledades. Galerías. Otros Poemas.
In the same year Machado was offered the job of Professor of French at the school in Soria. Here he met Leonor Izquierdo, daughter of the owners of the boarding house Machado was staying in. They were married in 1909: he was 34; Leonor was 15. Early in 1911 the couple went to live in Paris where Machado read more French literature and studied philosophy. In the summer, however, Leonor was diagnosed with advanced tuberculosis and they returned to Spain. On 1 August 1912 Leonor died, just a few weeks after the publication of Campos de Castilla. Machado was devastated and left Soria, the city that had inspired the poetry of Campos, never to return. He went to live in Baeza, Andalucia, where he stayed until 1919. Here he wrote a series of poems dealing with the death of Leonor which were added to a new (and now definitive) edition of Campos de Castilla published in 1916 along with the first edition of Nuevas canciones.
While his earlier poems are in an ornate, Modernist style, with the publication of "Campos de Castilla" he showed an evolution toward greater simplicity, a characteristic that was to distinguish his poetry from then on.
Between 1919 and 1931 Machado was Professor of French at the Instituo de Segovia, in Segovia. He moved here to be nearer to Madrid, where Manuel lived. The brothers would meet at weekends to work together on a number of plays, the performances of which earned them great popularity. It was here also that Antonio had a secret affair with Pilar Valderrama, a married woman with three children, to whom he would refer in his work by the name Guiomar.
In 1932 he was given the post of professor at the "Instituto Calderón de la Barca" in Madrid.
When Francisco Franco launched his coup d'état in July 1936, launching the Spanish Civil War, Machado was in Madrid. The coup was to separate him forever from his brother Manuel who was trapped in the Nationalist (Francoist) zone, and from Valderrama who was in Portugal. Machado was evacuated with his elderly mother and uncle to Valencia, and then to Barcelona in 1938. Finally, as Franco closed in on the last Republican strongholds, they were obliged to move across the French border to Collioure. It was here, on 22 February 1939, that Antonio Machado died, just three days before his mother. In his pocket was found his last poem, "Estos días azules y este sol de infancia".
Machado is buried in Collioure where he died; Leonor is buried in Soria. Geoffrey Hill has hailed him as Montale's 'grand equal'.[1][citation needed]
His phrase "the two Spains" — one that dies and one that yawns — referring to the left-right political divisions that led to the Civil War, has passed into Spanish and other languages.
Works
Machado´sevolution has strong links to larger European trends in the same period. He turned away from the hermetic esthetic principles of post-symbolism and cultivated the dynamic openness of social realism. Like such French æsthetes as Verlaine, Machado began with a fin-de-siècle contemplation of his sensory world, portraying it through memory and the impressions of his private consciousness. And like his socially-conscious colleagues of the Generation of 1898, he emerged from his solitude to contemplate Spain's historical landscape with a sympathetic yet unindulgent eye.
His poetic work begins with the publication of Soledades, in 1903. In this short volume many personal links which will characterize his later work are noticeable. In "Soledades, Galerías. Otras poemas.", published in 1907, his voice becomes his own. The most typical feature of his personality is the antipathetic, softly sorrowful tone that can be felt even when he describes real things or common themes of the time, for example abandoned gardens, old parks or fountains: places which he approaches via memory or dreams.
After Machado's experience with the introspective poetry of his first period, he withdrew from the spectacle of his conflictive personality and undertook to witness the general battle of the "two Spains", each one struggling to gain the ascendancy.
In 1912 he published "Campos de Castilla", a collection of poems lyricising the beauty of the Castilian countryside. Just as the poet's own personality revealed mutually destructive elements in the earlier Galerías and Soledades, so too did the Cain-Abel Bible story, interpreted in "La Tierra de Alvargonzález", later attest to the factions in Spain that shredded one another and the national fabric in an effort to restore unity. At the same time, other poems projected Castilian archetypes that evoked emotions like pathos ("La mujer manchega"—"The Manchegan Woman"), revulsion ("Un criminal"), and stark rapture ("Campos de Soria").
In 1917 various poems were added to "Campos", including a group of poems written in Baeza about the death of his young wife, a series of short reflective poems, often resembling popular songs or sayings, called "Proverbios y Cantares", and a series of "Elogios", dedicated to people such as Rubén Dario or Federico García Lorca who had been influential in his life.
Machado's later poems are a virtual anthropology of Spain's common people, describing their collective psychology, social mores, and historical destiny. He achieves this panorama through basic myths and recurrent, eternal patterns of group behavior. He developed these archetypes in Campos de Castilla ("Castilian Plains") in such key poems as "La tierra de Alvargonzález", and "Por tierras de España", which are based on Biblical inheritance stories. The metaphors of this second period use geographical and topographical allusions that frame powerful judgments about socio-economic and moral conditions on the Peninsula.
His next book, "Nuevas canciones" (New Songs), published in 1924, marks the last period of his work.
The complete works of his poetry, "Poesías Completas" were published in 1938 and contain his work "Poesias de Guerra" (Poems of War), with an elegy to Federico Garcia Lorca, called "El crimen fue en Granada" (The crime was in Granada).
In 2004, Copper Canyon Press published Border of a Dream: Selected Poems of Antonio Machado, a bilingual collection of Machado's poems, translated by the poet Willis Barnstone.
In popular culture
Perhaps Machado's most famous work is two verses from "Proverbios y cantares" in Campos de Castilla.
- Caminante, son tus huellas
- el camino y nada más;
- Caminante, no hay camino,
- se hace camino al andar.
- Al andar se hace el camino,
- y al volver la vista atrás
- se ve la senda que nunca
- se ha de volver a pisar.
- Caminante no hay camino
- sino estelas en la mar[2]
However, this is only an excerpt of a longer and less hopeful poem. The popular Spanish singer Joan Manuel Serrat interprets this poem as a song that has brought Machado's work greater diffusion. Serrat added some verses so that the song speaks about a poet dying far away from his country.
- Machado's work also appears in translation in Scottish poet Don Paterson's Faber published The Eyes.
- In the bilingual novel "Yo-Yo Boing!" (1998) by Giannina Braschi, Machado is quoted during an argument between a Cuban poet and a Puerto Rican poet on the topic of national identity:
"–Qué es la dignidad?
–La medida de la libertad.
–Quiero decir, quién es más fuerte, la isla que se vende y come bien, o la que se mantiene erecta, y se muere de hambre y de soledad.
–Cuál es más libre?
–Ninguna de las dos es libre. Todo pertenece. Soledad te acompaña, viajero. Pero como decía Don Antonio Machado, donde hay vino, bebe vino, y si no hay vino, chico, qué te cuesta, tómate el agua fresca..."
- In the film La Lengua de las Mariposas (1999) by José Luis Cuerda, a protagonist, Don Gregorio, has one of his students read a poem by Machado out loud to the class.
Major publications
- Soledades (1903)
- Soledades. Galerías. Otros poemas (1907)
- Campos de Castilla (1912)
- Poesías completas (1917)
- Nuevas canciones (1924)
- Poesías completas (1936, cuarta edición)
- Juan de Mairena (1936)
References
 | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (April 2009) |
- ^ CXXXIV, The Triumph of Love (London, 1998), p.73.
- ^ Quoted on the site of the University of Georgia, along with a translation of the passage into English by Betty Jean Craige. This poem translates roughly to: Walker, your footsteps are the road, and nothing more. Walker, there is no road, the road is made by walking. Walking you make the road, and turning to look behind you see the path you never again will step upon. Walker, there is no road, only foam trails on the sea.
- Cuban poet Emilio Ballagas writes an essay on Antonio Machado entitled Del sueño y la vigilia en Antonio Machado. It was published by Ballagas in 1945, in Revista Nacional de Cultura de Venezuela.
- Giannina Braschi, Yo-Yo Boing!, Doris Sommer introduction, Latin American Literary Review Press, 1998.