Frequency-resolved optical gating

In optics, frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) is a derivative of autocorrelation, but is far superior in its ability to measure ultrafast optical pulse shapes. Further, it can determine the phase of the pulse. In the most common configuration, FROG is simply a background-free autocorrelator followed by a spectrometer. It is the two-dimensional nature of the FROG trace that allows the extraction of the actual pulse shape and phase from the data.

The basics

Frequency-Resolved refers to the fact that the final signal is a spectrum. Before explaining Optical Gating, it helps to recognize that the pulse is really interacting with itself. In most configurations, the pulse is split and recombined, as in an interferometer. However, in this case, the recombination does not occur on a beam-splitter, but rather in a nonlinear medium, which allows the two beams to interact with each other. It is this interaction that allows the pulses to "gate" the spectral information of the other pulse. So Optical Gating refers to the fact that the measured spectrum is really from a time-slice of the pulse, and that time-slice is determined by the pulse nonlinear interaction. The gate function depends on the type of nonlinear interaction allowed.

Mathematically the FROG trace is simply a spectrogram but with an unknown gate function:

I_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )=\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }P(t)G(t-\tau )e^{-i\omega t}dt\right|^{2}

where $P(t)$ is the "probe" pulse and $G(t)$ is the "gate" pulse. The prope and gate pulses are determined by the nonlinear interaction used, and it is the form of the probe and gate that distinguishes the different types of FROG from each other. Some of the most common are:

$P^{SHG}(t)=E(t)$	$G^{SHG}(t)=E(t)$	: Second-harmonic generation FROG
$P^{PG}(t)=E(t)$	$G^{PG}(t)=\|E(t)\|^{2}$	: Polarization gating FROG
$P^{SD}(t)=E(t)^{2}$	$G^{SD}(t)=E(t)$	: Self-diffraction FROG
$P^{THG}(t)=E(t)$	$G^{THG}(t)=E(t)^{2}$	: Third-harmonic generation FROG

For example second-harmonic generation FROG (SHG FROG) would be:

I_{sig}^{SHG}(\omega ,\tau )=\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }E(t)E(t-\tau )e^{-i\omega t}dt\right|^{2}

and PG FROG would be:

I_{sig}^{PG}(\omega ,\tau )=\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }E(t)|E(t-\tau )|^{2}e^{-i\omega t}dt\right|^{2}

Traditional inversion algorithms for spectrograms requires perfect knowledge of the gate function ( $G(t)$ ), however, FROG does not have this requirement. Instead an iterative alogrithm is used. The algorithm uses both the data (FROG trace) and form of the nonlinearity to achieve a best match between the real FROG trace and the "retrieved" FROG trace. The retrieved FROG trace is created synthetically from the best guess for $E(t)$ .

FROG algorithm

The FROG algorithm is all about phase retrieval. The FROG trace measured in the lab is the exact intensity of $I_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )$ ; however, it is missing the phase information. To start off with define a signal field:

E_{sig}(t,\tau )=P(t)G(t-\tau )

and further defining:

{\tilde {E}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }E_{sig}(t,\tau )e^{-i\omega t}dt

given this the FROG trace becomes:

I_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )=\left|{\tilde {E}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )\right|^{2}

inverting this:

\left|{\tilde {E}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )\right|={\sqrt {I_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )}}

so the amplitude of ${\tilde {E}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )$ is known, but not its phase. If this phase is found, then the pulse ( $E(t)$ ) can be retrieved.

An iterative algorithm is used to determine this unknown phase.

Start with an initial guess for $E(t)\,$ .
Synthetically create $E_{sig}(t,\tau )\,$ from $E(t)\,$ .
Fourier transform the time axis to the frequency domain, yielding ${\tilde {E}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )$ .
Replace the amplitude (preserving the phase) of ${\tilde {E}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )$ with the amplitude measured in the lab ( $I_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )\,$ ). Call this ${\tilde {E'}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )$ .
Take ${\tilde {E'}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )$ and inverse Fourier transform it back into the time domain ( $E'_{sig}(t,\tau )\,$ ).
Apply a little magic (more on that later) to extract the best $E(t)\,$ from $E'_{sig}(t,\tau )\,$ .
Synthetically create $E_{sig}(t,\tau )\,$ from $E(t)\,$ .
Fourier transform the time axis to the frequency domain, yielding ${\tilde {E}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )$ .
Compare $\left|{\tilde {E}}_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )\right|$ to $I_{sig}(\omega ,\tau )\,$ (generally the rms difference). If this error (termed the "G" error) is sufficiently small, exit the loop.
GOTO 4.