Bicoherence

In mathematics, in the area of statistical analysis, bicoherence is a squared normalised version of the bispectrum. The bicoherence takes values bounded between 0 and 1, which make it a convenient measure for quantifying the extent of phase coupling in a signal. It is also known as bispectral coherency. The prefix bi- in bispectrum and bicoherence refers not to two time series x_t, y_t but rather to two frequencies of a single signal.

The bispectrum is a statistic used to search for nonlinear interactions. The Fourier transform of the second-order cumulant, i.e., the autocorrelation function, is the traditional power spectrum. The Fourier transform of C₃(t₁,t₂) (third-order cumulant) is called bispectrum or bispectral density. They fall in the category of Higher Order Spectra, or Polyspectra and provide supplementary information to the power spectrum. The third order polyspectrum (bispectrum) is the easiest to compute, and hence the most popular.

The difference with measuring coherence (coherence analysis is an extensively used method to study the correlations in frequency domain, between two simultaneously measured signals) is the need for both input and output measurements by estimating two auto-spectra and one cross spectrum. On the other hand, bicoherence is an auto-quantity, i.e. it can be computed from a single signal. The coherence function provides a quantification of deviations from linearity in the system which lies between the input and output measurement sensors. The bicoherence measures the proportion of the signal energy at any bifrequency that is quadratically phase coupled. It is usually normalized in the range similar to correlation coefficient and classical (second order) coherence. It was also used for depth of anasthesia assesement and widely in plasma physics (nonlinear energy transfer) and also for detection of gravitation waves.

Bispectrum and bicoherence may be applied to the case of non-linear interactions of a continuous spectrum of propagating waves in one dimension [1].

Bicoherence measurements have been carried out for EEG signals monitoring in sleep, wakefulness and seizures [2]. Search for papers by Bullock and Achimowicz.

References

Mendel JM. "Tutorial on higher-order statistics (spectra) in signal processing and system theory: theoretical results and some applications." Proceedings of the IEEE, 79, 3, 278-305
M J Hinich, "Testing for Gaussianity and linearity of a stationary time series", Journal of Time Series Analysis 3(3), 1982 pp 169-176.
HOSA - Higher Order Spectral Analysis Toolbox. (shareware for Microsoft Windows-type personal computers.)
T.H. Bullock, J.Z. Achimowicz et.al., "Bicoherence of intracranial EEG in awake, slep and seizures", Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology and EEG, 1997,vol.231,pp. 130-142.