Androgen replacement therapy
Androgen replacement therapy is hormone treatment men facing Hypogonadism which is often intended to counter the natural effects of aging. Androgen replacement is also used for men who have lost their testicular function to disease, cancer, or other causes.
As men enter middle age they may notice changes caused by a relative decline in testosterone: fewer erections, fatigue, thinning skin, declining muscle mass and strength, more body fat. This dissatifaction with the changes of aging has led to the development of the idea of androgen replacement therapy.
Male hormones are called androgens from Greek words andro meaning man, and gen meaning giving birth to. Primary among them is the natural hormone testosterone, which is produced in the testes, ovaries and adrenals. Females also produce testosterone in the adrenals and as a precursor to estrogen, but the amount of circulating testosterone is generally far less than in males, although the ranges on the two genders overlap. Both sexes also produce an androgen precursor called dihydroepiandrostene (DHEAS) from which the body can make androgens. Androgens cause the secondary sex characteristics of males: facial hair, thicker skin, low body fat, deeper voice, muscularity, penis and scrotal growth and darkening, broad shoulders, body hair, erection of the penis, etc. With increasing age, testosterone production declines, and many of these changes start to reverse.
This "decline of maleness" with age has given rise to a term: "andropause". This term implies a parallel with menopause in women, although the two states are by no means equivalent. The term manopause has also been used in the popular press.
There are several artificial androgens, including nandrolone and various other manipulations of the testosterone molecule. Androgen replacement is via patch, tablet, pill, cream or gel; or depot injections given into fat or muscle.
Users report an increased alertness and well-being, heightened libido and erection ability, increase in lean muscle mass and concomitant decrease in body fat.
Adverse effects of testosterone supplementation include minor side effects such as acne and oily skin, and more significant complications such as increased hematocrit which can require venipuncture in order to treat, exacerbation of sleep apnea and acceleration of pre-existing prostate cancer growth in individuals who have undergone androgen deprivation. Another adverse effect may be significant hair loss and/or thinning of the hair. This may be prevented with Propecia (Finasteride), which blocks DHT (a byproduct of testosterone in the body), during treatment. Exogenous testosterone also causes suppression of spermatogenesis and can lead to infertility. It is recommended that physicians screen for prostate cancer with a digital rectal exam and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level before starting therapy, and monitor hematocrit and PSA levels closely during therapy.
There is the possibility of abuse: some athletes may demand far higher levels of androgen than normal in order to out-perform others, other people may feel they require greater doses in order to achieve what they perceive as a feeling of greater well-being.
Therapeutic indications
Androgen replacement has a direct role in the treatment of hypogonadism, and may improve associated features such as anemia,[1] and fatigue.[2]
In addition, a number of other effects of testosterone have led to research into possible therapeutic roles in:
- erectile dysfunction[citation needed]
- osteoporosis[3]
- diabetes mellitus[4][5]
- chronic heart failure[6]
- dementia, but the evidence base is small and the balance of benefit needs to be clarified[7]
Notes
- ^ Makipour S, Kanapuru B, Ershler WB (2008). "Unexplained anemia in the elderly". Semin. Hematol. 45 (4): 250–4. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2008.06.003. PMC 2586804. PMID 18809095.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Miner M, Canty DJ, Shabsigh R (2008). "Testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men: assessing benefits, risks, and best practices". Postgrad Med. 120 (3): 130–53. doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1914. PMID 18824832.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Farley JF, Blalock SJ (2009). "Trends and determinants of prescription medication use for treatment of osteoporosis". Am J Health Syst Pharm. 66 (13): 1191–201. doi:10.2146/ajhp080248. PMID 19535658.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Traish AM, Saad F, Guay A (2009). "The dark side of testosterone deficiency: II. Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance". J. Androl. 30 (1): 23–32. doi:10.2164/jandrol.108.005751. PMID 18772488.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ PMID12809074
- ^ Caminiti G, Volterrani M, Iellamo F; et al. (2009). "Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54 (10): 919–27. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.078. PMID 19712802.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cherrier MM (2009). "Testosterone effects on cognition in health and disease". Front Horm Res. 37: 150–62. doi:10.1159/000176051. PMID 19011295.