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Ultraconserved element

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An ultra-conserved element is a region of human DNA of length 200 nucleotides or greater, which is entirely conserved in both rats and mice.[1] Perfect conservation of these long stretches of DNA is thought to imply evolutionary importance.[2] Despite often being noncoding DNA,[3] some ultra-conserved elements have been found to be transcriptionally active, giving non-coding RNA molecules.[4]

481 ultra-conserved elements have been identified in the human genome.[1] A small number of those which are transcribed have been connected with human carcinomas and leukemias.[4] A specific example, TUC338, is strongly upregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.[5] A study comparing ultra-conserved elements between humans and Fugu rubripes proposed an importance in vertebrate development.[6] Several ultra-conserved elements are located near transcriptional regulators or developmental genes.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Bejerano, G (2004 May 28). "Ultraconserved elements in the human genome". Science (New York, N.Y.). 304 (5675): 1321–5. PMID 15131266. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Sathirapongsasuti, JF (2011 Mar). "Ultraconserved cDNA segments in the human transcriptome exhibit resistance to folding and implicate function in translation and alternative splicing". Nucleic acids research. 39 (6): 1967–79. PMID 21062826. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Katzman, S (2007 Aug 17). "Human genome ultraconserved elements are ultraselected". Science (New York, N.Y.). 317 (5840): 915. PMID 17702936. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Calin, GA (2007 Sep). "Ultraconserved regions encoding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas". Cancer cell. 12 (3): 215–29. PMID 17785203. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Braconi, C (2011 Jan 11). "Expression and functional role of a transcribed noncoding RNA with an ultraconserved element in hepatocellular carcinoma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (2): 786–91. PMID 21187392. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Woolfe, A (2005 Jan). "Highly conserved non-coding sequences are associated with vertebrate development". PLoS biology. 3 (1): e7. PMID 15630479. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Unexpressed but Indispensable—The DNA Sequences That Control Development". PLoS Biology. 3 (1): e19. 2005. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030019. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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