Jump to content

Information infrastructure

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by In4matt (talk | contribs) at 14:59, 25 October 2011 (→‎National Information Infrastructure: added sections to and information about Africa). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

An information infrastructure is defined by (Hanseth, 2002) as "a shared, evolving, open, standardized, and heterogeneous installed base"[1] and by (Pironti, 2006) as all of the people, processes, procedures, tools, facilities, and technology which supports the creation, use, transport, storage, and destruction of information [2]. The notion of information infrastructures, introduced in the 1990s and refined during the past ten years, has proven quite fruitful to the IS field. It changed the perspective from organizations to networks and from systems to infrastructures, allowing for a global and emergent perspective on information systems. Information Infrastructure is a technical structure of an organizational form, an analytical perspective or a semantic network. The concept of information infrastructure (II) was introduced in the early 1990s, first as a political initiative (Gore, 1993 & Bangemann, 1994), later as a more specific concept in Information Systems (IS) research. For the IS research community an important inspiration was Hughes (1983) accounts of large technical systems, analyzed as socio-technical power structures (Byndik, 2008)[3].

As defined by Hanseth, an information infrastructure is “a shared, evolving, open, standardized, and heterogeneous installed base” (Hanseth 2002). As a theory, it has been used to frame a number of extensive case studies (Star and Ruhleder 1996; Ciborra 2000; Hanseth and Ciborra 2007), and in particular to develop an alternative approach to IS design: “Infrastructures should rather be built by establishing working local solutions supporting local practices which subsequently are linked together rather than by defining universal standards and subsequently implementing them” (Ciborra and Hanseth 1998). It has later been developed into a full design theory, focusing on the growth of an installed base (Hanseth and Lyytinen 2008). Information infrastructures include the Internet, health systems and corporate systems. It is also consistent to include innovations such as FaceBook, LinkedIn and MySpace as excellent examples (Byndik, 2008). Bowker has described several key terms and concepts that are enormously helpful for analyzing information infrastructure: imbrication, bootstrapping, figure/ground, and a short discussion of infrastructural inversion. “Imbrication” is an analytic concept that helps to asking questions about historical data. “Bootstrapping” is the idea that infrastructure must already exist in order to exist (2011).

Definitions of Information Infrastructure:

“Technological and non-technological elements that are linked” (Hanseth and Monteiro 1996).

“Information infrastructures can, as formative contexts, shape not only the work routines, but also the ways people look at practices, consider them “natural” and give them their overarching character of () necessity. Infrastructure becomes an essential factor shaping the taken-for-grantedness of organizational practices” (Ciborra and Hanseth 1998).

“The technological and human components, networks, systems, and processes that contribute to the functioning of the health information system” (Braa et al. 2007).

“The set of organizational practices, technical infrastructure and social norms that collectively provide for the smooth operation of scientific work at a distance (Edwards et al. 2007).

“A shared, evolving, heterogeneous installed base of IT capabilities developed on open and standardized interfaces” (Hanseth and Lyytinen 2008).

Etymology

According to the Online Etymology Dictionary (OED) the etymology of the words that make up the phrase "Information Infrastructure" are as follows:

Information late 14c., "act of informing," from O.Fr. informacion, enformacion "information, advice, instruction," from L. informationem (nom. informatio) "outline, concept, idea," noun of action from pp. stem of informare (see inform[4]). Meaning "knowledge communicated" is from mid-15c. Information technology attested from 1958. Information revolution from 1969. [5]

Infrastructure 1887, from Fr. infrastructure (1875); see infra- + structure. The installations that form the basis for any operation or system. Originally in a military sense. [6]

Theories of Information Infrastructure

Dimensions of Infrastructure

According to Star and Ruhleder, there are 8 dimensions of information infrastructures.

  1. Embeddedness
  2. Transparency
  3. Reach or scope
  4. Learned as part of membership
  5. Links with conventions of practice
  6. Embodiment of standards
  7. Built on an installed base
  8. Becomes visible upon breakdown[7]

Infrastructure as Public Policy

Presidential Chair & Professor of Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, Christine L. Borgman argues information infrastructures, like all infrastructures, are "subject to public policy."[8]In the United States, public policy defines information infrastructures as the "physical and cyber-based systems essential to the mimimum operations of the economy and government" and connected by information technologies.[9]

National Information Infrastructure

North America

United States

National Information Infrastructure Act of 1993 National Information Infrastructure (NII)

Canada

Europe

In 1994, the European Union proposed the European Information Infrastructure.[10]

Africa

In 1995, American Vice President Al Gore asked USAID to help improve Africa's connection to the Global Information Infrastructure.[11]

The USAID Leland Initiative (LI) was designed from June to to September 1995, and implemented in on September 29th 1995.[11] The Initiative was "a five-year $15 million US Government effort to support sustainable development by bringing "full Internet connectivity" to approximately 20 African nations.[12]

The initiative had three strategic objectives:

  1. Creating and Enabling Policy Environment-to "reduce barriers to open connectivity."
  2. Creating Sustainable Supply of Internet Services- help build the hardware and industry need for "full Internet connectivity."
  3. Enhance Internet Use for Sustainable Development- improve the ability of African nations to use these infrastructures.[13]

Global Information Infrastructure (GII)

Borgman claims governments, businesses, communities, and individuals can work together to create a Global Information Infrastructure which links "the world's telecommunication and computer networks together" and would enable the transmission of "every conceivable information and communication application."[14]

Currently, the Internet is the default Global Information Infrastructure."[15]

Notes

  1. ^ Hanseth, Ole (2002). "From systems and tools to networks and infrastructures — From design to cultivation. Towards a theory of ICT solutions and its design methodology implications accessed 21 September 2004
  2. ^ Pironti, John (2006)."Key Elements of a Threat and Vulnerability Management Program" - Information Systems Audit and Control Association Member Journal [May 2006]. IGWE
  3. ^ Byndik, Bygstad (2008). "Information infrastructure as organization: a critical realist view." Retrieved from http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~phddays/15thPhDDays/Documents/Paper_Bendik.pdf
  4. ^ "Inform" OED accessed Oct. 24, 2011
  5. ^ "Information" OEDaccessed Oct. 24, 2011
  6. ^ "Infrastructure" OEDaccessed Oct. 24, 2011
  7. ^ Star, Susan Leigh (1996). "Steps Toward an Ecology of Infrastructure: Design and Access for Large Information Spaces". Information Systems Research. 7 (1): 111–134. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Borgman, Christine L (7). ""The premise and promise of a Global Information Infrastructure"". First Monday [Online]. 5 (8). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Borgman, Christine L. (7). ""The premise and promise of a Global Information Infrastructure"". First Monday [Online]. 5 (8). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Borgman, Christine L. (7). ""The premise and promise of a Global Information Infrastructure"". First Monday [Online]. 5 (8). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ a b "USAID". "USAID Leland Initiative: Leland Activity Update". USAID. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  12. ^ >"USAID Leland Initiative". "Leland Initiative: Africa GII Gateway Project Project Description & Frequently Asked Questions". USAID. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference USAIDfaq was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Borgman, Christine L. (7). "The premise and promise of a Global Information Infrastructure"". First Monday [Online],. 5 (8). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  15. ^ "SearchCIO.com". Global Information Infrastructure. SearchCIO.com. Retrieved 25 October 2011.

References

Bowker, Geoffrey C. “The History of Information Infrastructures: The Case of the International Classification of Dis¬eases.” Information Processing & Management 32, no. 1 (January 1996): 49–61.

UNDP-APDIP Books

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure

This e-primer from the Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme provides comprehensive information on the various technologies utilized to improve the contents, and infrastructure of the Internet such as references to wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, as well as broadband, and mobile wireless devices. Topics on viruses, privacy, and security issues related to the same are also identified. Government involvement in the digital divide with reference to policies on utilizing open source, and promoting convergence of technology with respect to infrastructure are also discussed.

Stub icon

This software-engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_infrastructure&oldid=457326773"