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Aniru Conteh
Aniru Conteh
Born(1942-08-06)August 6, 1942
Jawi Folu, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
DiedApril 4, 2004(2004-04-04) (aged 61)
Kenema, Sierra Leone
EducationUniversity of Ibadan
Fourah Bay College
Years active1979-2004[2]
Known forLassa fever isolation ward
Medical career
ProfessionChief Medical Officer[1]
InstitutionsKenema Government Hospital
Merlin
Nixon Memorial Hospital
Centers for Disease Control
ResearchLassa fever
AwardsSpirit of Merlin Award

Aniru Sahib Sahib Conteh (August 6, 1942 – April 4, 2004) was a Sierra Leonean physician and expert on the clinical treatment of Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to West Africa. Conteh studied medicine at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria and taught at Ibadan Teaching Hospital. He later returned to Sierra Leone where he joined the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Lassa fever program at Nixon Methodist Hospital in Segbwema, first as superintendent and then as clinical director.

After the Sierra Leone Civil War began in 1991, the CDC closed their program in Segbwema. Conteh and his medical team moved from Segbwema to the Kenema Government Hospital (KGH), where he spent the next two decades running the only dedicated Lassa fever ward in the world. Conteh collaborated with the British charity Merlin to promote public health in Sierra Leone through education and awareness campaigns intended to prevent Lassa fever. With little funding and few supplies, Conteh successfully reduced mortality rates and saved many lives until an accidental needlestick injury led to his own death from the disease in 2004.

Conteh received renewed public attention in 2009 as the hero of Ross I. Donaldson's memoir, The Lassa Ward.

Early life, education, and teaching

Aniru Sahib Sahib Conteh was born on August 6, 1942, in the town of Jawi Folu, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone, the son of a farmer and chief of the village.[3] He moved to Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, after his mother died while he was in his teens. Conteh studied chemistry and biology at Fourah Bay College and began teaching after receiving his BSc. In 1968, he began studying medicine in Nigeria at the modern University of Ibadan, graduating in 1974. Conteh spent the next four years employed by the Ibadan Teaching Hospital. He returned home to Sierra Leone in 1979.[4] Conteh married and raised a family with his wife Sarah, producing several sons and daughters.[5]

Medical career‎

Conteh spent his professional career working with patients suffering from Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to West Africa. Lassa fever was first brought to the attention of the public in 1969 during an outbreak in Nigeria.[6] Identified in 1972, the disease is known to spread through its host, the Natal multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis), and infects an estimated 300,000 people and results in 5000 deaths annually in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea.[7] In 1976, a nosocomial outbreak in the Panguma Catholic Hospital attracted attention in the United States. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) established research programs in Segbwema, Kenema, and Panguma to study the disease.[8]

Nixon Methodist Hospital

Aniru Conteh in a 1989 CDC documentary about Lassa fever

In 1979, Conteh began working with the CDC and team leader Joseph B. McCormick at the Nixon Methodist Hospital in Segbwema. Conteh became Medical Superintendent of the hospital in 1980.[9] The Sierra Leone Civil War broke out in 1991, forcing the CDC to close their program and move to Guinea. The hospital was destroyed in the conflict and the spread of Lassa fever grew worse. During the civil war, the Natal multimammate mouse infested abandoned houses, increasing the likelihood of infection.[10]

Kenema Government Hospital

Conteh now found himself in the middle of a war zone, starving and homeless.[11] He wandered about for several months and finally came to Kenema where he began treating the sick in the midst of the fighting. Although he had friends overseas, and could have procured a job outside Sierra Leone, he chose to stay and help his people because "they had no one to help them".[4] Due to the war, most experts familiar with Lassa fever had left the country, and patients suspected of having the disease began to be brought to Conteh for treatment.[4] The Lassa team moved from Segbwema to the Kenema Government Hospital (KGH). In Kenema, Conteh became director of the only Lassa fever isolation ward in the world.[3] Rebels from the Revolutionary United Front took over the town of Kenema in 1997 and 1999, but Conteh never left his post.[12] It is thought that the rebels spared the hospital from destruction because they were afraid of catching Lassa fever.[3] When the civil war ended in 2002, the government of Sierra Leone began the process of rebuilding the country.[13]

Contributions to medicine

Conteh established the Lassa Isolation Ward at Kenema Government Hospital after the CDC moved its facilities to Guinea due to the civil war in Sierra Leone[14]

During the civil war, Conteh was the only clinician in Sierra Leone who had the skills and qualifications to manage patients with Lassa fever.[15] In the absence of the CDC, the Lassa ward was supported by Merlin, a medical relief agency based in the UK.[16] According to Nicholas Mellor, co-founder of Merlin: "Conteh worked with Merlin to get a new laboratory built that would enable collaboration with international research centres with an interest in haemorrhagic diseases. He also worked on training and Lassa fever awareness campaigns."[17] Conteh's Lassa fever program "provided the blueprint for many experts".[18] In 1996, Daniel Bausch at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine began working with Conteh and the CDC on research related to Lassa fever.[17]

In 2000, Conteh coauthored a study published in the Journal of Clinical Microbiology comparing the efficacy and outcome of diagnosing Lassa fever patients with the indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). According to Iruka N. Okeke, the study "focused specifically on the development of a diagnostic test for Lassa fever".[19] In 2001, Conteh traveled to London, England to attend an international conference on Lassa fever where he presented a paper on managing the disease.[20] Conteh returned to London in September 2003 to receive the "Spirit of Merlin" award for his outstanding role in "saving lives and alleviating suffering".[21]

Death

The Lassa ward was short-staffed, and Conteh would often draw blood from patients himself.[22] On March 17, 2004,[17] Conteh was infected with the Lassa virus when he received a needlestick injury while drawing blood from a young pregnant nurse suffering from the disease. The nurse died the next day, and Conteh himself became ill on March 23. As his condition worsened, he was treated with intravenous ribavirin. Conteh initially survived the critical stage of Lassa fever, but died on April 4 from renal failure—18 days after first becoming infected with the Lassa virus.[3][22] Reporter Sulaiman Momodu described the outpouring of grief in the wake of Conteh's death:

News of his death spread in Kenema and its environs like a bush fire in the harmattan. Most people were devastated to learn that the only Lassa Fever specialist in Sierra Leone was gone, gone forever. Nurses cried, patients wept. Kenema was thrown into a state of shock and mourning.[23]

Conteh's funeral was held in the town of Daru.[23]

Legacy

Conteh's work in the Lassa ward spanned 25 years and saved thousands of lives.[24] He played a key role in helping Merlin implement a program to support the Lassa ward and fever control measures in Sierra Leone. Because of his skill and dedication, deaths due to cases of suspected Lassa fever declined by 20%.[25] After Conteh's death, Merlin and the peacekeepers in the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) left Sierra Leone and the Lassa ward in Kenema was barely functioning. In 2004, Tulane University, in coordination with the World Health Organization, began monitoring Lassa fever patients in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea through the Mano River Union Lassa Fever Network (MRU-LFN).[26] Today, the Lassa Fever Program is fully operational at Kenema Government Hospital, and focuses on "treatment, containment, prevention and research".[14]

Conteh was the mentor for UCLA medical professor Ross I. Donaldson in the summer of 2003, and is the hero of Donaldson's 2009 memoir, The Lassa Ward.[27]

Publications

Notes

  1. ^ Khan et al., 2008, pp. 111-112
  2. ^ Bausch et al., 2004, pp. 1889-1890
  3. ^ a b c d Wright, 2004, p. 1831
  4. ^ a b c Donaldson, 2009, pp. 66-68
  5. ^ Some sources report four sons, others report three; Mellor 2004b, "four sons, two daughters"; Mellor 2004a: "three sons and two daughters"; Wright 2004, "four sons, and two daughters"; Bausch 2004, "three sons, and two daughters".
  6. ^ Keane & Gilles, 1977, 1399; Bausch et al., 2004, pp. 1889-1890
  7. ^ Lives in Brief, 2004; Khan et al., 2008
  8. ^ Mellor, 2004a, 1078; Bausch et al., 2004, p. 1889
  9. ^ Bausch et al., 2004, pp. 1889-1890
  10. ^ Wright, 2004, p. 1831; Melone, 2009: Rat meat is an important source of protein in this region, and if the animal is carrying the disease the virus can be killed by boiling the meat. However, infection can take place during the process of finding and preparing the rats for consumption. The virus is transmitted through rat urine and feces, which can enter the body through inhalation, eating food contaminated with excreta, or through skin absorption.
  11. ^ Donaldson, 2009, p. 67: "I was so shocked. I had no idea what to do. There was no food or even a safe place to sleep." Hungry and in a state of perpetual danger, he wandered for months around the countryside. "At some point," he said, "I even became numb to the fear."
  12. ^ Obituary: Dr Aniru Conteh, 2004; Mellor, 2004b
  13. ^ MHIRT, 2009
  14. ^ a b Kenema Government Hospital, 2011
  15. ^ Gayer et al., 2003, pp. 6, 8
  16. ^ Bausch et al., 2004, pp. 1889; Khan et al., 2008, p. 104; Morris & Calisher, 1997, p. 1458; Wright, 2004, p. 1831
  17. ^ a b c Mellor, 2004a, p. 1078
  18. ^ Mellor, 2004a, p. 1078; For more information about the important role of Kenema Government Hospital (KGH), see Okeke, 2011, p. 85
  19. ^ Okeke, 2011, p. 87; Bausch et al., 2004, pp. 1889-1890; Bausch et al., 2000, pp. 2670–2677
  20. ^ Mellor, 2004b
  21. ^ Mellor, 2004b; Merlin's 10th Year Anniversary Awards Event, 2003
  22. ^ a b Donaldson, 2009, pp. 261-262; A 2003 WHO/UNHCR report recommended the hiring of additional support staff for Conteh in 2003. See Gayer et al., 2003, pp. 6, 8
  23. ^ a b Momodu, 2004; Mirza et al. 2005
  24. ^ Bausch et al., 2004, p. 1889; Wright, 2004, p.1831: "He spent much of his professional life fighting the disease, and saved thousands of lives by developing a regimen of intensive medical care."
  25. ^ Mellor, 2004b: "His skill in diagnosis and treatment was unparalleled, and resulted in a reduction in mortality of suspected Lassa fever cases to around 20 per cent." However, Okeke reports that Conteh's "clinical research and treatment advances contributed greatly to an 80 percent reduction in mortality from the disease by 2000." See Okeke, 2011, p. 86
  26. ^ Kenema Government Hospital, 2011; Melone, 2009
  27. ^ Thomas, 2009, p. M6; Heim, 2009; Soderburg, 2009; Zuger, 2009, p. D5

References

  • Bausch, D. G. et al. (July 2000). Diagnosis and Clinical Virology of Lassa Fever as Evaluated by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Indirect Fluorescent-Antibody Test, and Virus Isolation. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 38 (7), 2670–2677. PMC 86994
  • Bausch, D. G., Sesay, S. S. S., Oshin, B. (October 2004). On the front lines of Lassa fever Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (10), 1889-1890. PMID 15586983.
  • Donaldson, R. I. (2009). The Lassa Ward: One Man's Fight Against One of the World's Deadliest Diseases. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312377002.
  • Gayer, M., Gopal, R., Salter, M. (2003). Lassa Fever and Communicable Disease Surveillance and Control in Sierra Leone. World Health Organization / United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1-9. Archived URL.
  • Heim, K. (September 29, 2009). Young doctor shares global health lessons from the front lines. The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
  • Kenema Government Hospital. (2011). Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  • Keane, E., Gilles, H.M. (May 28, 1977). Lassa fever in Panguma Hospital, Sierra Leone, 1973-6. British Medical Journal. 1 (6073), 1399. PMC 1606930
  • Khan, S. H., Goba, A., Chu, M., Roth, C., Healing, T., Marx, A., Fair, J., et al. (2008). New opportunities for field research on the pathogenesis and treatment of Lassa fever. Antiviral Research, 78 (1), 103-115. (subscription required)
  • Lives in Brief: Aniru Sahib Sahib Conteh. (May 18, 2004). The Times, 27. (subscription required)
  • MHIRT Sierra Leone. Center for Evidence-Based Global Health. Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  • Mellor, N. (2004a). Aniru Conteh. BMJ. 328 (7447), 1078. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7447.1078
  • Mellor, N. (2004b). Dr Aniru Conteh. The Independent. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  • Melone, J. (2009). The Latent Threat of Lassa Fever. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Johns Hopkins University. PPT presentation.
  • Merlin's 10th Year Anniversary Awards Events. (September 8, 2003). Merlin. Archived URL.
  • Mirza, I. A., Khan, M. A., Hakim, A. (2005). UN Peacekeepers' Nightmare in West Africa. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal. (1). ISSN 0030-9648
  • Momodu, S. (May 19, 2004). Lassa Fever: Who is Next to Die?. Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. Concord Times. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  • Morris, K., Calisher, C. (November 15, 1997). Sierra Leone continues to struggle for relief from Lassa fever. The Lancet. 350 (9089), 1458. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)64235-3
  • Obituary: Dr Aniru Conteh. (April 5, 2004). Merlin. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  • Okeke, I. N. (2011). Divining Without Seeds: The Case for Strengthening Laboratory Medicine in Africa. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801449413.
  • Soderburg, W. (August 6, 2009). Trial by fire in the Lassa ward. UCLA Today. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  • Thomas, C. (June 7, 2009). Lessons in a deadly virus and life in general. The Miami Herald, M6. (subscription required)
  • Wright, P. (May 29, 2004). Aniru Conteh. The Lancet. 363 (9423), 1831. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16324-1
  • Zuger, A. (May 25, 2009). Epidemics, Fearsome and Fascinating. The New York Times, D5. Retrieved August 21, 2011.

Further reading

  • Jalloh, T. (September 28, 2004). Kenema and the Lassa Fever Menace. Concord Times. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  • Okeke, I. N., Wain, J. (November 2008). Post-genomic challenges for collaborative research in infectious diseases. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6 (11), 858-864. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1989

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