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Andesite

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For the extinct cephalopod genus, see Andesites.
Andesite
Igneous rock
Photomicrograph of andesite in thin section (between crossed polars)
Composition
Intemediate

Major minerals: plagioclase (often andesine) and pyroxene and/or hornblende

Accessory minerals: magnetites, biotite, sphene, quartz
A sample of andesite (dark groundmass) with amygdaloidal vesicules filled with zeolite. Diameter of view is 8 cm.
Andesite Mount Žarnov (Vtáčnik)
Andesite pillar

Andesite (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈændəsaɪt/) is an extrusive igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between basalt and dacite, and ranges from 57 to 63% SiO2 as illustrated in TAS diagrams. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Magnetite, zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, and garnet are common accessory minerals.[1] Alkali feldspar may be present in minor amounts. The quartz-feldspar abundances in andesite and other volcanic rocks are illustrated in QAPF diagrams.

Classification of andesites may be refined according to the most abundant phenocryst. Example: hornblende-phyric andesite, if hornblende is the principal accessory mineral.

Andesite can be considered as the extrusive equivalent of plutonic diorite. Characteristic of subduction zones, andesite represents the dominant rock type in island arcs, such as the Aleutian arc in Alaska. The average composition of the continental crust is andesitic [2]. Along with basalts they are a major component of the martian crust.[3] The name andesite is derived from the Andes mountain range.

Generation of Melts in Island Arcs

Magmatism in island arc regions (i.e., active oceanic margins) comes from the interplay of the subducting plate and the mantle wedge, the wedge-shaped region between the subducting and overriding plates.

During subduction, the subducted oceanic crust is submitted to the increasing pressure and temperature, leading to metamorphism. Hydrous minerals such as amphibole, zeolites, chlorite etc. (which are present in the oceanic lithosphere) dehydrate as they change to more stable, anhydrous forms, releasing water and soluble elements into the overlying wedge of mantle. Fluxing water into the wedge lowers the solidus of the mantle material and causes partial melting [4]. Due to the lower density of the partially molten material, it rises through the wedge until it reach the lower boundary of the overriding plate. Melts generated in the mantle wedge are of basaltic composition, but they have a distinctive enrichment of soluble elements (e.g. K, Ba, and Pb) which are contributed from sediment that lies at the top of the subducting plate. Although there is evidence to suggest that the subducting oceanic crust may also melt during this process, the relative contribution of the 3 components (crust, sediment, and wedge) to the generated basalts is still a matter of debate [5].

Genesis of andesite

Andesite is typically formed at convergent plate margins but may occur in other tectonic settings. Intermediate volcanic rocks are created via several processes:

  1. fractional crystallizationof a mafic parent magma.
  2. Partial melting of crustal material.
  3. Magma mixing between felsic rhyolitic and mafic basaltic magmas in an intermediate reservoir prior to emplacement or eruption.


Fractional Crystallization

Once the basaltic material has reached the crust it can either underplate it, creating a layer of molten material at its base, or it can move into the overriding plate in the form of dykes. If the basalt underplates the crust, it can cause partial melting of the lower crust due to the transfer of heat and volatiles. Models of heat transfer show that arc basalts emplaced at temperatures 1100 - 1240C cannot provide enough heat to melt lower crustal amphibolite [6]. Although basalt can melt pelitic upper crustal material, a very large amount is required to achieve the necessary heat [7]. Andesitic magmas generated in island arcs, therefore, are probably the result of fractional crystallization rather than partial melting of the crust.


Magma Mixing

In continental arcs, such as the Andes, magma often pools in the shallow crust creating magma chambers. Magmas in these reservoirs become evolved in composition (dacitic to rhyolitic) through both the process of fractional crystallization and partial melting of the surrounding country rock. Over time as crystallization continues and the system loses heat, these reservoirs cool. In order to remain active, magma chambers must have continued recharge of hot basaltic melt into the system. When this basaltic material mixes with the evolved rhyolitic magma, the composition is returned to andesite, its intermediate phase.

Andesite in Space

In 2009, researchers revealed that andesite was found in two meteorites (numbered GRA 06128 and GRA 06129) that were discovered in the Graves Nunatak Icefield during the US Antarctic Search for Meteorites 2006/2007 field season. This possibly points to a new mechanism to generate andesite crust.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, 1996, Petrology, Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-2438-3
  2. ^ Rudnick,R.I. and Fountain, D.M., 1995, "Nature and Composition of the Continental Crust: a lower crustal perspective." Reviews of Geophysics 33 (267-309)
  3. ^ Cousins, C. R. and Crawford, I. A., 2011, "Volcano-Ice Interaction as a Microbial Habitat on Earth and Mars." Astrobiology, Vol.11 No.7.
  4. ^ Tatsumi, Y. (1995). Subduction Zone Magmatism. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
  5. ^ Eiler, J.M. (2003). Inside the Subduction Factory. San Fransisco: AGU Geophysical Monograph 138.
  6. ^ Petford, N. (2001). "Partial melting of mafic (amphibolitic) lower crust by periodic influx of basaltic magma". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Annen, C. (2002). "Effects of repetitive emplacement of basaltic intrusions on thermal evolution and melt generation in the crust". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 203: 937–955. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Scientists Find Evidence of Asteroids with Earth-Like Crust Newswise, Retrieved on January 19, 2008.

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