Eltanin impact
57°47′S 90°47′W / 57.783°S 90.783°W The Eltanin Impact was an asteroid impact in the southeast Pacific Ocean at the beginning of the Quaternary Period 2.5 million years ago. The location was at the edge of the Bellingshausen Sea 1,500 km (930 mi) southwest of Chile.[1]
The impact was described in 1981. The evidence was collected in 1965 by the research vessel USNS Eltanin (T-AK-270), after which the impact and asteroid are named.[2] Later studies were done by the vessel Polarstern.[3] Sediment at the bottom of the 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) deep ocean in the area had an iridium enrichment, a strong sign of extraterrestrial contamination. Debris from the asteroid is spread over an area of 500 km2 (190 sq mi). Sediments from the Eocene and Paleocene were mixed up and deposited again chaotically. Also mixed in were melted and fragmented meteorite matter. The area near the Freeden Seamounts over 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi) has a meteorite density of 10–60 kg/m2. Of this, 87% is melted and 13% only fragmented. This is the region of the Earth's surface with the highest density of meteorite material coverage.[4]
The disturbed sediment had three layers. The bottommost layer SU IV is a chaotic mixture of broken up sediments in the form of a breccia. Above this is layer SU III consisting of layered sand deposited from turbulently flowing water. Above this is SU II layer with meteorite fragments and graded silt and clay that settled out of still but dirty water.[5]
The Eltanin Impact is the only asteroid impact known to have occurred in the ocean. However, other such impacts are also likely over a timescale of a million years.[4]
Asteroid
The impacting body, the Eltanin asteroid was between 0.8 and 4 km (0.5 and 2.5 mi) in diameter and traveled with a speed of 20 km/s (12 mi/s). The size of the asteroid can be calculated by the amount of iridium found in the disturbed sediments. Assuming that there was 187 parts per billion of iridium in the asteroid, the known distribution of the metal leads to estimates that the body was over 1 km (0.6 mi) in diameter.[6]
The composition of the meteorites classifies them as low metal mesosiderites.[5]
The meteorite explosion also produced microspherules under half a millimeter in diameter.[7] Some of these are glass, and others have spinel and pyroxene. Elements enriched include calcium, aluminium and titanium.
Tsunami
On the shorelines of the Pacific ocean there are erosional features that are indicative of a very large tsunami. These include an erosional surface and chaotic deposits of mixed terrestrial and ocean-derived sediment. Boulders as big as buses are mixed with marine fossils and mud. The most well-characterised tsunami deposits are near the coast of Chile. Off the coast of Antarctica there are mudslides into the deep ocean from this age.[8]
The size of a possible tsunami has been calculated. An asteroid that was 4 km (2.5 mi) in diameter would have blasted the water off the ocean floor for at least 60 km (37 mi), and made a wave over 200 m (660 ft) high on the southern end of Chile and the Antarctic Peninsula. After ten hours, waves around 35 m (115 ft) would reach Tasmania, Fiji and Central America, and the New Zealand east coast would have been washed with 60 m (200 ft) high waves.[9] If the impact object was 1 km (0.6 mi) in diameter, the wave heights would be five times less.[9]
Ice age trigger
At the time of the impact the earth was cooling, but the impact and disruption to the weather could well have triggered the start of ice cap formation in the Northern Hemisphere.[10] The impact would have put a large amount of water and salt into the atmosphere, disrupted ice shelves, depleted the ozone layer, caused surface acidification, and increased the Earth's albedo.[11]
References
- ^ Goff, James (3 September 2012). "The Eltanin asteroid impact: possible South Pacific palaeomegatsunami footprint and potential implications for the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition". Journal of Quaternary Science. Wiley. doi:10.1002/jqs.2571. ISSN 0267-8179.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Kyte, Frank T. (1981). "High noble metal concentrations in a late Pliocene sediment". Nature. 292 (5822): 417–420. doi:10.1038/292417a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Gersonde, R. (1997). Nature. 390 (6658): 357–363. doi:10.1038/37044. ISSN 0028-0836.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Gersonde, R. (2005). "The late Pliocene impact of the Eltanin asteroid into the Southern Ocean – Documentation and environmental consequences" (PDF). Geophysical Research Abstracts. European Geosciences Union. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Kyte, Frank T. (2005). "SEDIMENTATION PATTERNS OF METEORITIC EJECTA IN ELTANIN IMPACT DEPOSITS AT SITE PS58/281" (PDF). Lunar Science and Planetary Conference XXXVII. Houston Texas. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Gersonde, Rainer (2003). "New Data on the Late Pliocene Eltanin Impact into the Deep Southern Ocean" (PDF). Large Meteorite Impacts. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Kyte, Frank T. (2010). "Trace Elements in Refactory Eltanin Impact Spherules" (PDF). 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Gary, Stuart (26 September 2012). "Earth's ice age asteroid". Starstuff. ABC radio. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Ward, Steven N. (2002). "Impact tsunami–Eltanin" (PDF). Deep Sea Research II. 49. Elsevier: 1073–1079. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ University of New South Wales (19 September 2012). "Did a Pacific Ocean meteor trigger the Ice Age?". Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ^ Gersonde, Reiner (2 March 2000). "Oceanic Impacts and Related Environmental Perturbations" (PDF). Catastrophic Events Conference. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
External links
- Rainer Gersonde (2003). "REPORTS OF DISCOVERY OF THE "ELTANIN CRATER" ARE CONTRADICTED BY DATA" (PDF). Large Meteorite Impacts.
- Peng, H. (February 9–12, 1994). "An Extraterrestrial Event at the Tertiary-Quaternary Boundary". Abstracts of Papers Presented to "New Developments Regarding the KT Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History. Houston, Texas: 1994. p. 88. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
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