Biblioteca Marciana
The Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, the Library of St Mark's, patron of Venice, is one of the primary manuscript depositories of Italy. This is the library for which Jacopo Sansovino designed the great Renaissance Biblioteca Sansoviniana that faces the Doge's Palace across the Piazzetta, which links St Mark's Square to the mole facing the Grand Canal. Construction of the first sixteen arcaded bays of the building took from 1537 to 1553, with frescoes and decorations carried out until 1560. In 1588, after Sansovino's death (1570) Vincenzo Scamozzi undertook the construction of the additional five bays, still to Sansovino's design, which brought the building down to the molo or embankment, next to Sansovino's building for the Ventian mint, the Zecca. One of the early librarians, from 1530, was Pietro Bembo.
The library— which is not the State Archive of the Republic of Venice— was the gift to the Serenissima of the Renaissance humanist, scholar, patron and collector, Cardinal Bessarion, who made a gift, 31 May 1468, of his collection: some 750 codices in Latin and Greek, to which he added another 250 manuscripts and some printed books (incunabula), constituting the first "public" library open to scholars in Venice. Like the British Library or the Library of Congress at later times, the Biblioteca Marciana profited from a law of 1603 that required that a copy be deposited in the Marciana of all books printed at Venice, the first such law. A first beginning, however, was the bequest of Petrarch, who willed his entire personal library to the library of Saint Mark, where it remains.
La Marciana was enriched by the transfer in the late eighteenth century of the collections accumulated in several monasteries, such as SS. Giovanni e Paolo in Venice and S. Giovanni di Verdara in Padua.
Great additions have been made to the collection from time to time:
- 1589: Melchiorre Guilandino of Marienburg (2.200 printed books);
- 1595: Jacopo Contarini da S. Samuele, delayed until the extinction of the Conarini in the male line, in 1713 (175 mss and 1500 printed books);
- 1619: Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente (13 volume with hand-colored anatomical illustrations);
- 1624: Giacomo Gallicio (20 Greek mss);
- 1734: Gian Battista Recanati (216 mss, among them the codices of the [[Gonzaga|house of Gonzaga) ;
- 1792: Tommaso Giuseppe Farsetti (350 mss and printed books);
- 1794: Amedeo Svajer (more than 340 mss among which is the last will of Marco Polo);
- 1797: Jacopo Nani (over 1000 mss, largely Greek and Eastern)
With the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, the Marciana was enriched by the transfer of manuscripts and books from religious houses that were suppressed under the Napoleonic regime. In 1811 the library was moved to more spacious quarters in the Doge's Palace, where further collections entered:
- 1814: Girolamo Ascanio Molin (2209 fine printed books, 3835 prints and 408 drawings, housed in the Museo Correr for the most part;
- 1843: Girolamo Contarini (906 mss and 4000 lprinted books);
- 1852: Giovanni Rossi (470 mss and a collection of Venetian operas)
In 1904 the collection was moved to Sansovino's Zecca (built 1537-47), the building of the Venetian mint, and then expanded back into its adjacent original quarters and even into sections of the Procuratie Nuove facing Piazza San Marco.
Today, besides about a million printed books, the Biblioteca Marciana contains about 13,000 manuscripts and 2883 incunabula and 24,055 works printed between 1500 and 1600. There are many illuminated manuscripts. Among the irreplacable treasures are the unique scores to Francesco Cavalli's operas