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Misophonia

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Misophonia, literally “hatred of sound”, is a form of decreased sound tolerance. It is believed[by whom?] to be a neurological disorder characterized by negative experiences resulting only from specific sounds, whether loud or soft.[1] The term was coined by American neuroscientists Pawel Jastreboff and Margaret Jastreboff.[2] The term is often used interchangeably with the term selective sound sensitivity.[3]

Unlike hyperacusis, misophonia is specific for certain sounds. Little is known about the anatomical location of the physiological abnormality that causes such symptoms but it is most likely high central nervous system structures.[4] It has been speculated that the anatomical location may be more central than that involved in hyperacusis.[5]

The emotional reaction to sound characteristic of misophonia is a respondent behavior.[6] A respondent behavior is elicited by a stimulus; an unconditioned response is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. An example of this is a reflex such as the blink reflex, or pain or fear. With repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned or conditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit a physiological response similar to that elicited by the paired stimulus. When that happens, the neutral stimulus has become a "conditioned stimulus," and the reflex response is called a "conditioned response." In the case of misophonia, the respondent behavior elicited by the sound is often limited to or significantly stronger in specific individuals, supporting the premise that reaction to sound by a person with misophonia is a conditioned respondent behavior.

Symptoms

People who have misophonia are most commonly annoyed, or even enraged, by such gross sounds as other people clipping their nails, brushing teeth, eating, breathing, sniffing, talking, sneezing, yawning, walking, chewing gum, snoring or coughing; certain consonants; or repetitive sounds.[7] Intense anxiety and avoidant behavior may develop, which can lead to decreased socialization. Some people may feel the compulsion to mimic what they hear.[8]

Prevalence and comorbidity

The prevalence of misophonia is currently unknown but groups of people identifying with the condition suggest it is more common than previously recognized.[8] Among patients with tinnitus, which is prevalent in 4-5% of the general population,[9] some surveys report prevalence as high as 60%[8] while prevalence in a 2010 study was measured at 10%.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jonathan Hazell. "Decreased Sound Tolerance: Hypersensitivity of Hearing". Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Centre, London UK. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  2. ^ "Tinnitis retraining therapy for patients with tinnitus and decreased sound tolerance". Otolaryngol Clin. 36(2): 321–36. April 2003. PMID 12856300. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-303538.20, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1136/jnnp-2012-303538.20 instead.
  4. ^ Aage R. Møller (2006). Hearing, Second Edition: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders of the Auditory System. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-372519-6.
  5. ^ Aage R. Møller (2001). Textbook of Tinnitis, part 1. pp. 25–27. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-145-5_4. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  6. ^ Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: an experimental analysis. Oxford, England: Appleton-Century.
  7. ^ Joyce Cohen (September 5, 2011). "When a Chomp or a Slurp is a Trigger for Outrage". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  8. ^ a b c "Selective Sound Intolerance and Emotional Distress: What Every Clinician Should Hear". Psychosomatic Medicine. 70. American Psychosomatic Society: 739–40. 2008. Retrieved February 2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Jastreboff, P., Jastreboff, M. (July 2, 2001). "Components of decreased sound tolerance : hyperacusis, misophonia, phonophobia" (PDF). Retrieved February 5, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "DPOAE in estimation of the function of the cochlea in tinnitus patients with normal hearing". Auris Nasus Larynx. 37(1): 55–60. 2010. PMID 19560298. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
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