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Ektachrome

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Ektachrome is a brand name owned by Kodak for a range of transparency, still, and motion picture films available in most formats, including 35 mm and sheet sizes to 11x14 inch size. Ektachrome has a distinctive look that became familiar to many readers of National Geographic, which used it extensively for color photographs for decades in settings where Kodachrome was too slow. [4]

Ektachrome, initially developed in the early 1940s, allowed professionals and amateurs alike to process their own films. It also made color reversal film more practical in larger formats, and the Kodachrome Professional film in sheet sizes was later discontinued.

Whereas the development process used by Kodachrome was technically intricate and beyond the means of amateur photographers and smaller photographic labs, Ektachrome was a product that small professional labs could afford equipment to develop. Many process variants (designated E-1 through E-6) were used to develop it over the years. Modern Ektachrome films are developed using the E-6 process, which can be carried out by small labs or by a keen amateur using a basic film tank and tempering bath to maintain the temperature at 100 °F (38 °C).

Although the Ektachrome name was once associated with both amateur and professional films, Kodak, as of 2006, uses the Ektachrome brand for professional films. Consumer Kodak E-6 films are now branded Elite Chrome.

In late 2009, Kodak announced the discontinuation of Ektachrome 64T (EPY)[1] and Ektachrome 100 Plus (EPP)[2] films, citing declining sales. Ektachrome is still used occasionally as a motion picture film stock, such as in the 1999 film Three Kings, which used cross processing in C-41 color negative chemistry to give a unique appearance.[3] On February 4, 2011, Kodak announced the discontinuance of Ektachrome 200 on its website. On March 1, 2012 Kodak announced the discontinuance of three color Ektachrome films.[5]

In December 2012 Kodak announced its discontinuance of Ektachrome 100D color reversal movie film in certain formats.[4]

Processing

See also: E-6 process

Although Kodachrome is often considered a superior film due to its archival qualities and color palette, advances in dye and coupler technology have blurred the boundaries between the differing processes, along with Kodak having abandoned Kodachrome research and development since the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the developing of Kodachrome has always required a complex, fickle process requiring an on-site analytical lab and required a turnaround of several days to allow for shipping times to the last Kodachrome processing facility, Dwayne's Photo in Parsons, Kansas, which discontinued processing on 30 December 2010.

By contrast, small professional labs have been able to process Ektachrome on-site since the 1950s, with product safety and effluent discharge having been drastically improved since the 1970s, when Kodak reformulated their entire color chemistry lineup. It's even possible for amateur labs to process Ektachrome within an hour using a rotary tube processor (made by Jobo, WingLynch or PhotoTherm), sink-line, or even by hand inversion in a small drum.

Ektachrome variants

  • Before Process AR-5 there was EA-5 for aero film. This is a hot version of E-4 and similar to ME-4 for Ektachrome motion picture film.
  • E-6 was available to the public in 1975, but only the pro films were available at the time. There were some color stability ("keeping") issues to verify before the amateur films could be released.
  • E-7 is the "mix-it-yourself" version of E-6. Functionally it was equivalent, but there were a few differences.
  • ES-8 is a special process for one type of Super 8mm movie film. It was introduced in 1975.

There were some other Ektachrome processes for 16 mm motion picture films:

  • ME-2A
  • ECO-2
  • EC0-3
  • E-89
  • E-99
  • VNF-1
  • RVNP
  • CRI-1

The following processes were used for amateur Ektachrome super 8 mm movie film:

  • Ektachrome Movie process introduced in 1971 (movies without movie lights). The process was later designated EM-24
  • EM-25 is the mix-it-yourself version of EM-24.
  • EM-26 is the updated process for improved Ektachrome super 8 films introduced in 1981.
  • EM-27 is the mix-it-yourself version of EM-26.

Process history

E-1
Initial Ektachrome process for sheet film (1942-c.1950s)
E-2
Initial Ektachrome process for roll film and 135 film (1942–1966)
E-3
Updated 'professional' Ektachrome process for sheet film and Kodak EP professional rollfilm (c.1950's to 1976)
E-4
Updated Ektachrome process for roll film and 135 film (1966–1996, see note)
E-5
Research project, only saw minor use in a revised form as the aerial film process AR-5
E-6
Current Ektachrome process used for all major color reversal films and formats, first released in 1977. The conditioner, bleach and stabilizer baths were modified in the mid-1990s to remove the formaldehyde from the stabilizer: This change was indicated by changing the names of the conditioner step to pre-bleach step, and the stabilizer step to the final rinse step
E-6P
Used for push processing of Kodak Ektachrome films in general, and particularly for Kodak Ektachrome EPH ISO 1600 film, which has a speed of ISO 400 in normal E6, but is exposed at EI 1600 and push processed two stops in the first developer bath (10:00 @100.0F) to achieve the ISO 1600 speed rating. (It is natural for a faster film to require a longer first development time. This is sacrificed in the case of most color processing for consistency in processing, especially in machine processing.)

Other film manufacturers use their own designations for nearly identical processes. They include Fujifilm's process CR-55 (E-4) and CR-56 (cross-licensed with Kodak's process E-6; but with slight variations in the first developer); and the now-discontinued Agfachrome and Konica's CRK-2 (E-6 equivalent).

High Speed Ektachrome, announced in 1959[5] provided an ASA 160 color film, which was much faster than Kodachrome. In 1968, Kodak started offering push processing of this film, allowing it to be used at ASA 400.[6]

The E-4 process was generally stopped after 1977, although continued in use for Kodak PCF (Photomicrography Color Film) until the 1980s, and for Kodak IE (Color Infra-red film) until 1996. This was due to a legal commitment by Kodak to provide the process for 30 years.

The Ektachrome process differs significantly from the Agfa Process AP-41, used generally until 1983 to develop films such as Agfachrome CT18 and 50s Professional.

References

  1. ^ [1][dead link]: Kodak Ektachrome 64T Professional Film (EPY)
  2. ^ [2][dead link]: Kodak Ektachrome 100T Plus Professional Film (EPP)
  3. ^ [3]
  4. ^ http://motion.kodak.com/motion/uploadedFiles/PCN120312_Q.pdf
  5. ^ New York Times: Color Film Rated at 160 Announced by Kodak, March 29, 1959.
  6. ^ New York Times: Photo Trade Show Opens, February 25, 1968.

Official Kodak information


Processing of older Ektachrome films

Processes E-2, E-3 and E-4:

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