Y-STR
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| STR site |
Mutation Rate (x 10−3) | |||||
| LB-96%CI | 'rate' | UB-96%CI | Notes | |||
| DYS19 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 3.5 | Independent duplications | ||
| DYS385 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 31 of 41896 | ||
| DYS389I | 0.95 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 14 of 7862 | ||
| DYS389II | 1.8 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 22 of 7849 | ||
| DYS390 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 21 of 9140 | ||
| DYS391 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 28 of 9089 | ||
| DYS392 | 0.18 | 0.55 | 1.3 | 5 of 9053 | ||
| DYS393 | 0.36 | 0.89 | 1.8 | 7 of 7842 | ||
| DYS437 | 0.60 | 1.5 | 3.1 | 7 of 4672 | ||
| DYS438 | 0.051 | 0.43 | 1.5 | 2 of 4709 | ||
| DYS439 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 8.4 | 27 of 4686 | ||
| DYS448 | 0.19 | 1.6 | 5.7 | 2 of 1258 | ||
| DYS456 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 10 | 6 of 1258 | ||
| DYS458 | 2.8 | 6.4 | 12 | 8 of 1258 | ||
| DYS635 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 7.4 | 8 of 2131 | ||
| GATA H4.1 | 0.71 | 2.2 | 5.1 | 5 of 2294 | ||
| From table 1. Sanchez-Diz et al. 2008. Note some of the N in the 17 STR are quite low in frequency | ||||||
A Y-STR is a short tandem repeat (STR) on the Y-chromosome. Y-STRs are often used in forensics, paternity, and genealogical DNA testing. Y-STRs are taken specifically from the male Y chromosome. These Y-STRs provide a weaker analysis than autosomal STRs because the Y chromosome is only found in males, which are only passed down by the father, making the Y chromosome in any paternal line practically identical. This causes a significantly smaller amount of distinction between Y-STR samples. Autosomal STRs provide a much stronger analytical power because of the random matching that occurs between pairs of chromosomes during the zygote making process.[1]
Nomenclature
Y-STRs are assigned names by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee.
Some testing companies have different formats for the way STR markers are written. For example, the marker DYS455 may be written as DYS455, DYS 455, DYS#455, or DYS# 455. The scientific standard accepted by HUGO and NIST is DYS455.[2]
DYS
DYS is jargon once used in genetic genealogy for a Y-STR. Its origins may be due to the most common first three letters of a Y-chromosome DNA STR (short tandem repeat).
Y-STR Analysis
There are regions on DNA that are made up of multiple copies of short repeating sequences of bases (for example TATT) which repeat a variable number of times depending on the individual. These regions, called “variable number short tandem repeats” are what is looked at when performing STR analysis. The likelihood of two people having the same number of repeated sequences is extremely small, and becomes even smaller the more regions that are analyzed. This makes up the basis of short tandem repeat analysis.[3] The cornerstone for this process, however, is polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This allows forensic scientists to make millions of copies of the STR regions. Gel electrophoresis then “yields the number of times each repeat unit appears in the fragment.” This allows for easy comparison of DNA.[4]
STRs and Forensics
In the United States, 13 different STR loci are used as a basis of analysis for forensic purposes. If crime scene DNA is ample and all 13 loci accessible, the likelihood of two people matching the same sample is one in one billion.[5]
Databases
Forensic databases (without individual information, for frequency purposes):
In genetic genealogy, the following is a list of sponsored databases containing publicly submitted surnames and Y-STR haplotypes:
Haplogroup (Y-SNP) specific data:
See also
References
External links
Diagrams
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) — Y STR Positions along Y Chromosome
Fact sheets
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) — Summary List of Y Chromosome STR Loci and Available Fact Sheets
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) — STR Fact Sheets
- dna.reinyday.com — DYS464
- Y-STR markers — Details and statistics
Databases
- yhrd.org — Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database
- usystrdatabase.org — U.S. Y-STR Database
- [6] — Applied Biosystems YFiler Database
- ysearch.org — Y-DNA database