EcoBot
EcoBot is short for Ecological Robot and it refers to a class of energetically autonomous robots that can remain self-sustainable by collecting their energy from (mostly) waste in the environment. The only by-product from this process is carbon dioxide, which would have been produced from biodegradation in the first place. This carbon dioxide production belongs to the immediate carbon cycle of our planet and does not impose to the already increasing problem of the greenhouse effect.
Autonomy
So far autonomy in robotics has been directly linked with the ability of agents to execute tasks, i.e. follow a set of rules given in an algorithm, with minimum human intervention. This is classified as computational autonomy, however it does not take into account the problem of energy collection and management. Energetic autonomy, therefore, refers to the ability of artificial agents to remain self-sustainable, with minimum human intervention.
EcoBots I and II
EcoBot-II, developed in 2004, by Melhuish, Greenman and Ieropoulos at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory (BRL) UK, was the first robot in the world to perform sensing, information processing, communication and actuation phototaxis, by utilising unrefined biomass. In fact, it consumed dead flies, rotten fruits and crustacean shells as the fuel and oxygen from free air as the cathode. EcoBot-II operated continuously for 12 days after having been fed with 8 houseflies of the species Musca domestica [Ieropoulos et al. 2005a, b; Melhuish et al. 2006].
EcoBot-II is the first practical example of a Symbot (symbiotic robot) that exhibited artificial symbiosis – the beneficial integration between the live microbial part and the artificial mechatronic part.
EcoBot-I, developed in 2002, by the same group of workers at BRL, UK, utilised sugar as the fuel and ferricyanide in the cathode, to perform phototaxis (i.e. move towards the light) [Ieropoulos et al. 2003a, b; 2004].
The two EcoBots do not employ any other form of conventional power supply and do not require any form of initial charging from an external source. Instead, they are powered directly by the onboard MFCs. This is in contrast with Gastrobot, which although it was the first example of a practical application that employed MFCs, it used onboard conventional batteries and required initial charging from the mains.
External links
Bristol Robotics Laboratory [1]
New Scientist article on EcoBot-I (2002)[2]
New Scientist article on EcoBot-II (2004)[3]
National Geographic article on EcoBot (2006) [4]
References
- Ieropoulos; et al. (2003a). "Imitating metabolism: Energy autonomy in biologically inspired robots" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Imitation of animals and artifacts: 191–194. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
- Ieropoulos, Ioannis (December, 2003b). "Artificial metabolism: Towards true energetic autonomy in artificial life". In Banzhaf et al. (Eds) (ed.). Advances in Artificial Life (Book Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ed.). Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 792–799. ISBN: 978-3-540-20057-4. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |chapterurl=|chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
- Ieropoulos, Ioannis (March, 2004). "Energetically Autonomous Robots". In F. Groen et al. (Eds) (ed.). Intelligent Autonomous Systems 8 (IAS-8). Amsterdam: IOS Press. pp. 128–135. ISBN: 1 58603 414 6. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); External link in |chapterurl=|chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
- Ieropoulos; et al. (2005a). "Artificial symbiosis: Towards a robot-microbe partnership" (PDF). Proceedings of the TAROS'05 conference: 89–93. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
- Ieropoulos; et al. (2005b). "EcoBot-II: An artificial agent with a natural metabolism" (PDF). Advanced Robotics Systems. 2 (4): 295–300. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
- Melhuish; et al. (2006). "Energetically autonomous robots: Food for thought" (PDF). Autonomous Robots. published online first. DOI: 10.1007/s10514-006-6574-5. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)