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ΔF508

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ΔF508 (delta-F508, full name CFTRΔF508 or F508del-CFTR; rs113993960) is a specific mutation within the gene for a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The mutation is a deletion of the three nucleotides that comprise the codon for phenylalanine (F) at position 508 on chromosome 7. A person with the CFTRΔF508 mutation will produce an abnormal CFTR protein that lacks this phenylalanine residue. This protein does not escape the endoplasmic reticulum for further processing. Having two copies of this mutation (one inherited from each parent) is the leading cause of cystic fibrosis (CF).[1]

Mechanism

The three DNA base pairs A-T-C at position 507 of the CFTR nucleotide sequence form the template for the mRNA codon A-U-C for the amino acid isoleucine, while the three DNA base pairs T-T-T at the adjacent position 508 form the template for the codon U-U-U for phenylalanine.[2] The ΔF508 mutation is a deletion of the C pair from position 507 along with two T-T pairs from position 508, leaving the DNA sequence A-T-T at position 507 forming the codon A-U-U. Since A-U-U also codes for isoleucine, position 507's amino acid is unchanged, and the mutation's net effect is equivalent to a deletion ("Δ") of the sequence resulting in the codon for phenylalanine ("F") at position 508.

Prevalence

ΔF508 is present in approximately one in 30 Caucasians. Scientists have estimated that the mutation occurred over 52,000 years ago in Northern Europe. One hypothesis as to why the otherwise detrimental mutation has evolved is that it exerts a positive effect by reducing water-loss during cholera, though the introduction of vibrio cholerae into Europe did not occur until the late 18th century[3] Another theory posits that CF carriers (heterozygotes for ΔF508) are more resistant to Typhoid fever since CFTR has been shown to act as a receptor for Salmonella typhi bacteria into epithelial cells.

Effects

ΔF508 is a class II CFTR mutation.[4] The CFTR protein—when in the proper position—opens channels in the cell membrane which release chloride ions out of respiratory epithelial cells. This causes osmosis to draw water out of the cell. The ΔF508 mutation can prevent the CFTR from moving into its proper position in the cell.[5]

Heterozygous carriers

Being a heterozygous carrier (having a single copy of ΔF508) results in decreased water loss during diarrhea. This prevents dehydration, and vastly increases the chances of surviving cholera.[6] This same effect may occur during Typhoid Fever, leading to heterozygote advantage and an increase in the frequency of this mutation. This has not been adequately proven yet. Still another theory that has been advanced is that heterozygous carriers are more able to thrive on a dairy milk diet that was characteristic of Northwest Europe which has a high CF allele frequency.[7] Yet another theory for the prevalence of the CF mutation is that it provides resistance to tuberculosis.[8]

If two carriers of the gene mate, their offspring will have a 25% chance of having two copies of the mutation (see also Mendelian inheritance). Generally ΔF508 carriers are symptom free, however when combined with other mutations, varying degrees of CF-like symptoms can appear (see below).

Several research studies indicate that heterozygous carriers are at increased risk for various symptoms. For example:

  • It has been shown that heterozygosity for cystic fibrosis is associated with increased airway reactivity and heterozygotes may be at risk for poor pulmonary function. Heterozygotes with wheeze have been shown to be at higher risk for poor pulmonary function or development and progression of chronic obstructive lung disease. One gene for cystic fibrosis is sufficient to produce mild lung abnormalities in absence of infection.[9]
  • Cystic fibrosis ΔF508 heterozygotes may be overrepresented among individuals with asthma and may have poorer lung function than noncarriers.[10]
  • Carriers of a single CF mutation have a higher prevalence of Chronic rhinosinusitis than the general population.[11] Because this studied a general population of CF carriers, some subjects did not possess the ΔF508 variant.
  • Cystic fibrosis deltaF508 heterozygosity may be over-represented among people with asthma and seems to be associated with decreased pulmonary function in people with airway obstruction who also have asthma.[12]

Homozygous

Having a homozygous pair of genes with the ΔF508 mutation prevents the CFTR protein from obtaining its normal position in the cell membranes. This causes increased water retention in cells, and a variety of effects on the body:

  • Thicker mucous membranes in many parts of the body
  • Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas deferens (CBAVD) due to increased mucus thickness during fetal development
  • Pancreatic insufficiency, due to blockage of the pancreatic duct with mucus

This collection of symptoms is called cystic fibrosis; however ΔF508 is not the only mutation that causes CF.

Heterozygous carriers with other mutations

Approximately 70% of cystic fibrosis cases in Europe are due to Double ΔF508 (this varies widely by region). The remaining cases are caused by combinations of that and over 1000 other mutations including R117H, 1717-1G>A, and 2789+56G>A. These mutations, when combined with each other or ΔF508, cause CF symptoms. The genotype is not strongly correlated with severity of the CF, however specific symptoms have been linked to certain mutations.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bobadilla, JL; Macek Jr, M; Fine, JP; Farrell, PM (2002). "Cystic fibrosis: a worldwide analysis of CFTR mutations--correlation with incidence data and application to screening". Human Mutation. 19 (6): 575–606. doi:10.1002/humu.10041. PMID 12007216.
  2. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CCDS/CcdsBrowse.cgi?REQUEST=CCDS&DATA=CCDS5773.1
  3. ^ http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-04/955464305.Me.r.html
  4. ^ M Nissim-Rafinia, B Kerem, E Kerem, [ed. by] Margaret Hodson (2007). "Molecular biology of cystic fibrosis: CFTR processing and functions, and classes of mutations". Cystic fibrosis (3rd ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. pp. 54–55. ISBN 9780340907580.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "Cystic Fibrosis Research Directions". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
  6. ^ "Clue to Why Cystic Fibrosis Has Survived". New York Times (Oct, 7, 1994). For a much more technical article, see "CFTR in cystic fibrosis and cholera: from membrane transport to clinical practice", Advances in Physiology Education 1 June 2005, Vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 75-82.
  7. ^ "Cystic Fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis and lactase persistence: a possible correlation", European Journal of Human Genetics (20 Dec. 2006) 15, 255–259.
  8. ^ MacKenzie, Debora (2006-09-07). "Cystic fibrosis gene protects against tuberculosis". NewScientist.com. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
  9. ^ Maurya, Nutan; Awasthi, Shally; Dixit, Pratibha (April 2012). "Association of CFTR gene mutation with bronchial asthma" (PDF). Indian J Med: 469–478. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  10. ^ Dahl, Morten; Nordestgaard, Børge G.; Lange, Peter; Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne (January 8, 2001). "Fifteen-year follow-up of pulmonary function in individuals heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis phenylalanine-508 deletion". ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL. 107: 818–823. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.114117. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  11. ^ Wang, XinJing; Kim, Jean; McWilliams, Rita; Cutting, Garry R. (March 2005). "Increased prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in carriers of a cystic fibrosis mutation". Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 237–40. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  12. ^ Dahl, M; Tybjaerg-Hansen, A; Lange, P; Nordestgaard, BG (June 27, 1998). "DeltaF508 heterozygosity in cystic fibrosis and susceptibility to asthma". Lancet. 351: 1911–3. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11419-2. PMID 9654257.
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