Sharkey Landfill
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Sharkey Landfill is a 90-acre property located in New Jersey along the Rockaway and Whippany rivers in Parsippany. Landfill operations began in 1945, and continued until September 1972, when large amounts of toluene, benzene, chloroform, dichloroethylene, and methylene chloride were found, all of which have large hazards to human health such as cancer and organ failure. Sharkey Landfill was put on the National Priority List(or NPL) in 1983, and clean up operations ran until the site was deemed as not a threat in 2004.[1]
Origins
Colonization of Parsippany dates all the way back to 1700, starting as a collection of English settlers to a large city of about 53,000 people. Ciba-Geigy, founded in the 1970’s, made plants all over the east coast, placing one in what is now the bustling city of Parsippany.[2][3]
Town History
The area of Parsippany was part of the glacier until 13,000 BCE. Native Americans had settled the area first 12,500 years ago after all the thawing and drainage of water, but consistent wars let to the area being under English colony control from 1700 onward.[3]
As of 2010, there is a mostly diverse population of 53,238 people. The local government follows the standard Mayor-Council system, having a standard one mayor and five councilmen. Also as of 2010, the mayor has been Republican James R. Barberio.[3]
Company History
While originally two different Swiss pharmaceutical companies up to this point, Ciba-Geigy Corp(Or Ciba-Geigy Ltd.) was founded in 1971 off of the merge of companies CIBA and Geigy. After the merge, Geigy workers moved to the CIBA headquarters in Ardsley, New York. In 1992, Ciba-Geigy was convicted of illegal waste dumping against the state of New Jersey.[2]
Superfund Designation
There was no state intervention other than a court case against Ciba-Geigy, the company mainly responsible. The EPA started clean up in September 1983, after the site was placed on the National Priority List(NPL).[2]
State Intervention
State intervention was small due to the EPA being a federal department. New Jersey did help reorganize the site in 1979 for the expansion of the Parsippany Sewage Treatment Plant, but nothing else was done except a court case which was argued on September 17 of 1991 and was decided against Ciba-Geigy with a $62 million dollar fine.[2]
National Intervention
The EPA conducted many groundwater tests before putting Sharkey Landfill on the NPL on September 8, 1983. The Record of Decision(ROD) called for standard clean up procedure.[1][4]
Health & Environmental Hazards
Due to the amount of time Sharkey Landfill was used as a landfill, tons of dangerous chemicals were discovered throughout the area. Large amounts of carcinogenic compounds such as Benzene, Chloroform, and Methylene Chloride were found within the site, along with other very dangerous and very volatile chemicals such as Toluene and Dichloroethylene were also found. While most of these chemicals did not pose any major hazards to the environment, many pose large threats to the health and safety of humans.[5][6]
Damage/Hazard 1: Toluene
Source
One of the most abundant chemicals found at Sharkey Landfill was Toluene(about 560,000 pounds), a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C7H8. Toluene forms naturally within crude oil, and is used not only as a cleaning solution, but is also used in my other industrial products such as; medicine, wall and spray paints, paint thinner, dyes, explosives, fingernail polish, spot removers, lacquers, adhesives, rubber, detergents, antifreeze, and also in some printing and leather tanning processes. Toluene’s most abundant use is in the very production of Benzene, another chemical found at the site.[7][1]
Human Hazard
Toluene is also one of the more dangerous chemicals found at the landfill. Exposure to Toluene in even limited amounts can cause damage to the immune system, along with extreme sickness and dizziness, which can lead to things like nausea and confusion. On a more moderate to extreme scale, large amounts of exposure can cause things like liver, kidney and heart failure, along with moderate to extreme amounts of brain damage. Toluene also has the risk of damaging the fetus of a pregnant woman if she were to be exposed to the chemical.[7]
Environmental damage
Toluene is also a Volatile Organic Compound(VOC), which gives it the added danger of creating a toxic smog if it reacts with enough sunlight and moisture in the environment. Toluene is also flammable in its liquid and gaseous state, which in high amounts can be very dangerous if the area is known for fires and/or high levels of humidity.[7]
Damage/Hazard 2: Benzene
Source
Another one of the more dangerous and abundant chemicals found at the site was 130,000 pounds of Benzene, another VOC with the chemical formula C6H6. Benzene can be produced both organically and inorganically, coming from things such as forest fires, volcanoes, and is also a natural part of crude oil. But, benzene can also come from human creations such as gasoline, diesel exhaust, and more commonly, cigarette smoke. Benzene is one of the most common chemicals used within the US, used by combining it with many other chemicals to form things such as; plastics, resins, nylon, synthetic fibers, explosives, photographic chemicals, rubber, lubricants, dyes, adhesives, coatings, paint, detergents, drugs, pesticides, printing, lithography, food processing, it has been used as a solvent, and up until the 1990’s when use was greatly limited, was used as a very popular gasoline additive.[8][1]
Human Hazard
Benzene is the most dangerous chemical on this list, as while it does not have that many health effects, the things that it can cause are the most lethal. While small doses of benzene are of no harm, as they can be found on many everyday food items, even the shortest exposure(through breathing or eating) to high amounts of benzene can lead to extreme cases of nausea, dizziness/tiredness, and can cause damage to the central nervous system, leading to things like paralysis, coma or death. Benzene is also a known carcinogen, and can cause things like anemia, leukemia, and if in contact with eyes, can cause blindness.[8]
Environmental Damage
As for environmental damage, benzene is very similar to toluene in that it is a VOC, and can cause poisonous smog if in contact with high amounts of light and moisture, and is also a flammable liquid which is very dangerous for areas known for forest fires.[8]
Damage/Hazard 3: Chloroform
Source
Chloroform was one other chemical found in abundance on the site, with about 40,000 pounds found throughout the landfill. Chloroform is a type of cleaning solution, one of many that can be used for things such as; cleaning electronics, tools, engines, and automotive parts; dissolving oil, paint, and grease; to mix/thin paint, glue, pigments, epoxy resins, and pesticides; and to create other similar solvents or chemicals.[5][1]
Human Hazard
While chloroform has no known environmental hazards, large amounts of exposure to chloroform can cause alterations in the mind, such as depression and irritability. Larger amounts of exposure can cause other diseases such as Hepatitis and Jaundice. Chloroform is also anticipated to be a human carcinogen.[5][6]
Damage/Hazard 4: Methylene Chloride
Source
Similar to chloroform, methylene chloride is a solvent, with the chemical formula CH2cl2. It can be found in all similar compounds as chloroform but can cause a lot more damage to the body than the former.[5]
Human Hazard
Regular exposure to something such as methylene chloride can cause dangerous amounts of damage to the kidneys, liver, lungs, and if exposed long enough, the central nervous system, which can cause things like hearing loss, mental illness, and short or long-term memory loss. Even small exposure instances can cause things like irritated body parts, dizziness/nausea, drunkenness, and shortness of breath.[5]
Damage/Hazard 5: Dichloroethylene
About 3,000 pounds of dichloroethylene, chemical formula C2H4Cl2, were also found within the waste of Sharkey Landfill. Dichloroethylene poses no major environmental damage, but animals and humans alike can be exposed through either breathing, eating, or contact with the skin. While the amount of exposure can change the severity of the damage to death-inducing, the only known health hazard of dichloroethylene is damage to the liver and lungs within animals and humans.[9][1]
Clean up
Initial clean up of Sharey Landfill began with a standard 5 part plan. This continued until 1993 when progress was made and so the cleaning had to not be AS severe. As of 2004, construction was no longer needed. Site sampling continues to this day.[1]
Initial Cleanup
Standard clean up goes as follows; 1. Capping of the landfill with a clay-like membrane under a large layer of dirt to deter the movement of the waste due to rain and snow runoff and to also to promote vegetation growth. 2. The creation of vents within the membrane to ensure there is no buildup of gases such as methane. 3. Controls of surface water to specifically handle storm and rain runoff, along with controls over river erosion of the site. 4. Standard security fence placement to ensure the safety of people and animals from being harmed by the contamination. And 5. A long-term program meant to handle the monitoring of nearby groundwater to test if the cleanup process is actually working.[4]
Current Status
As of March 9, 2004, the EPA issued a Superfund Preliminary Site Close Out, stating no construction is needed further. Sampling still continues.[1]
See Also
- https://libaccess.fdu.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/rutgersnj/novartis_pharmaceuticals_corporation/0?institutionId=439
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsippany-Troy_Hills,_New_Jersey
- cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0200573&msspp=med
- www.toxicsites.us/site.php?epa_id=NJD980505762
- www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-site-assessment-process
- www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=463&tid=82
- http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=5
- http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=28
- toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=30
- ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Enviromental Protection Agency. "Sharkey Landfill". Enviromental Protection Agency. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d Wikipedia. "Novartis". Novartis. Wikipedia. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ a b c Wikipedia. "Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey". Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey. Wikipedia. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ a b Enviromental Protection Agency. "Superfund Site Assessment Process". Superfund Site Assessment Process. Enviromental Protection Agency. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e U.S National Library of Medicine. "Tox Town - Solvents". Tox Town - Solvents. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ a b U.S Department of Health and Human Sciences. "14th Report on Carcinogens". 14th Report on Carcinogens. U.S Department of Health and Human Sciences. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ a b c U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Tox Town - Toluene". Tox Town - Toluene. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ a b c U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Tox Town - Benzene". Tox Town - Benzene. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. "Toxic Substances Portal - 1,2-Dichloroethene". Toxic Substances Portal - 1,2-Dichloroethene. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
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