Laudanum
Laudanum is an alcoholic tincture of opium, sometimes sweetened with sugar and also called wine of opium.
In the 16th century, a Swiss physician named Paracelsus (1493-1541) experimented with the medical value of opium. He decided that its medical (analgesic) value was of such magnitude, that he called it Laudanum, from the Latin "laudare" - "to praise". He did not know of its addictive properties.
In the 19th century, laudanum was used in many patent medicines to "relieve pain... to produce sleep... to allay irritation... to check excessive secretions... to support the system... [and] as a sudorific". The lack of any genuine treatments meant that opium derivatives were one of the few substances that had any effect, and so laudanum was prescibed for ailments from colds to meningitis to cardiac diseases in both adults and children.
The Romantic and Victorian eras were marked by the widespread use of laudanum in England, Europe and the United States. Initially a working class drug (it was cheaper than a bottle of gin or wine, because it was treated as a medication for legal purposes, not taxed as an alcoholic beverage). Notable addicted literary figures: Coleridge, who miserably battled his addiction for much of his adult life, de Quincey, Byron, Shelley, who suffered raging laudanum-induced hallucinations, Dickens, Lewis Carroll, and Baudelaire. There were also political figures (Wilberforce, Meriwether Lewis) who used the drug.
Innumerable Victorian women were prescribed the drug for relief of menstrual cramps and vague aches, and used it to achieve the pallid complexion associated with tuberculosis. Frailty and paleness were prized in females at the time. Nurses spoon-fed laudanum to infants, many of whom mysteriously died from overdoses.
Laudanum also features in fiction. In the Aubrey-Maturin series of historical novels (which starts with Master and Commander), the ship's surgeon, Stephen Maturin uses the drug both professionally and battles his own addiction to it.
See also: Paregoric.
Laudanum is also the name of a Roman fortress in the Asterix comic books.
Children of Laudanum are a modern world music group from Canada who cite Coleridge, de Quincey, and other noteable laudanum addicts as literary influences to their music.