Stargazer (fish)

External videos
External videos
	Stargazer lunges from sand – YouTube
	Little Red Cardinalfish gets eaten by hidden Stargazer! – YouTube

Stargazer
	Common stargazer, Kathetostoma laeve
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Suborder:	Trachinoidei
Family:	Uranoscopidae; Jordan & Evermann, 1898
Genera
	Astroscopus; Genyagnus; Gnathagnus; Ichthyscopus; Kathetostoma; Pleuroscopus; Selenoscopus; Uranoscopus; Xenocephalus; See text for species.

The stargazers are a family, Uranoscopidae, of perciform fish that have eyes on top of their heads (hence the name). The family includes about 51 species (one extinct) in eight genera, all marine and found worldwide in shallow and deep saltwaters.^[1]

In addition to the top-mounted eyes, a stargazer also has a large, upward-facing mouth in a large head. Their usual habit is to bury themselves in sand, and leap upwards to ambush prey (benthic fish and invertebrates) that pass overhead. Some species have a worm-shaped lure growing out of the floors of their mouths, which they can wiggle to attract prey's attention. Both the dorsal and anal fins are relatively long; some lack dorsal spines. Lengths range from 18 up to 90 cm, for the giant stargazer Kathetostoma giganteum.

Stargazers are venomous; they have two large venomous spines situated behind their opercles and above their pectoral fins. The species within the genera Astroscopus and Uranoscopus can also cause electric shocks. Astroscopus species have a single electric organ consisting of modified eye muscles, while Uranoscopus species have theirs derived from sonic muscles.^[2] They are some of the few marine bioelectrogenic bony fishes, the other being the striped catfish.^[3] These two genera within stargazers are out of eight total independent evolutions of bioelectrogenesis.^[2] They are also unique among electric fish in not possessing specialized electroreceptors.^[4]

Stargazers are a delicacy in some cultures (the venom is not poisonous when eaten), and they can be found for sale in some fish markets with the electric organ removed. Because stargazers are ambush predators which camouflage themselves and some can deliver both venom and electric shocks, they have been called "the meanest things in creation"^[5] The fish is often locally known as the mother-in-law fish.

Genera and species

Genus Astroscopus
- Northern stargazer, A. guttatus Abbott, 1860
- Astroscopus sexspinosus (Steindachner, 1876)
- Southern stargazer, A. y-graecum (Cuvier, 1829)
- Astroscopus zephyreus Gilbert & Starks in Gilbert, 1897
- †Astroscopus countermani Carnevale, Godfrey & Pietsch, 2011 Extinct species described from the Tortonian deposits of Calvert Cliffs, Maryland.^[6]
Genus Genyagnus
- Spotted stargazer, G. monopterygius (Schneider, 1801)
Genus Gnathagnus
- Armoured blenny, G. armatus (Kaup, 1858)
- Gnathagnus cribratus Kishimoto, 1989
- Freckled stargazer, G. egregius (Jordan & Thompson, 1905)
- Bulldog stargazer, G. innotabilis Waite, 1904
Genus Ichthyscopus
Genus Kathetostoma
- Lancer stargazer, K. albigutta (Bean, 1892)
- Smooth stargazer, K. averruncus Jordan & Bollman, 1890
- Banded stargazer, K. binigrasella Gomon & Roberts, 2011
- Kathetostoma canaster Gomon & Last, 1987
- Spiny stargazer, K. cubana Barbour, 1941
- Kathetostoma fluviatilis Hutton, 1872
- Giant stargazer, K. giganteum Haast, 1873
- Common stargazer, K. laeve (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Deepwater stargazer, K. nigrofasciatum Waite & McCulloch, 1915
Genus Pleuroscopus
Genus Selenoscopus
Genus Uranoscopus
Genus Xenocephalus

Deepwater stargazer
(Kathetostoma nigrofasciatum)
Northern stargazer
(Astroscopus guttatus)
Whitemargin stargazer
(Uranoscopus sulphureus)
Southern stargazer
(Astroscopus y-graecum)

Timeline

References

Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Uranoscopidae". FishBase. May 2006 version.
Gomon, M.F.; Roberts, C.D. (2011). "A second New Zealand species of the stargazer genus Kathetostoma (Trachinoidei: Uranoscopidae)". Zootaxa. 2776: 1–12.

^ Bray, Dianne. "Family URANOSCOPIDAE". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ ^a ^b Alves-Gomes, J.A. (2001). "The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective". Journal of Fish Biology. 58 (6): 1489–1511. doi:10.1006/jfbi.2001.1625.
^ Baron, V. (2009-12-01). "Electric discharges of two species of stargazers from the South China Sea (Uranoscopidae, Perciformes)". Journal of Ichthyology. 49 (11): 1065–1072. doi:10.1134/S0032945209110058.
^ Alves-Gomes, J. A. (2001). "The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective". Journal of Fish Biology. 58 (6): 1489–1511. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02307.x.
^ Grady, Denise Venom Runs Thick in Fish Families, Researchers Learn New York Times 22 August 2006.
^ Carnevale, Godfrey; Pietsch (2011). "Stargazer (Teleostei, Uranoscopidae) Cranial Remains from the Miocene Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, U.S.A. (St. Marys Formation, Chesapeake Group)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (6): 1200–1209. doi:10.1080/039.031.0608.

External links

[1] Bray, Dianne. "Family URANOSCOPIDAE". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 30 September 2014.

[Alves-Gomes_2001_1489–1511-2] Alves-Gomes, J.A. (2001). "The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective". Journal of Fish Biology. 58 (6): 1489–1511. doi:10.1006/jfbi.2001.1625.

[3] Baron, V. (2009-12-01). "Electric discharges of two species of stargazers from the South China Sea (Uranoscopidae, Perciformes)". Journal of Ichthyology. 49 (11): 1065–1072. doi:10.1134/S0032945209110058.

[Alves-Gomes-4] Alves-Gomes, J. A. (2001). "The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective". Journal of Fish Biology. 58 (6): 1489–1511. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02307.x.

[Grady-5] Grady, Denise Venom Runs Thick in Fish Families, Researchers Learn New York Times 22 August 2006.

[6] Carnevale, Godfrey; Pietsch (2011). "Stargazer (Teleostei, Uranoscopidae) Cranial Remains from the Miocene Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, U.S.A. (St. Marys Formation, Chesapeake Group)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (6): 1200–1209. doi:10.1080/039.031.0608.

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