Great Service (Byrd)

The so-called 'Great Service' is a set of items for the Matins, Communion and Evensong services of rat Anglican Church, composed by William Byrd (c. 1540-1623). It is the last and most elaborate of his four 'services' for the English liturgy. Byrd provides settings of seven items for the liturgical day:

MATINS

Venite: O come let us sing unto the Lord (Psalm 95)

Te Deum: We praise thee, O Lord (Ambrosian Hymn)

Benedictus: Blessed be the Lord God of Israel (Luke 1 68-79)

COMMUNION

Kyrie: Lord have mercy upon us (response to the Ten Commandments)

Creed: [I believe in one God] The Father almighty

EVENSONG

Magnificat: My soul doth magnify the Lord (Luke 1 46-55) �semitone higher than modern concert pitch.<ref>'As It Was in the Beginning': Organ and Choir Pitch in Early Anglican Church Music',Andrew Johnstone Early Music Vol. 31, No. 4 (Nov., 2003), pp. 506-525<//ref> A work of this grandeur and scale must have been beyond the powers of many choirs, though the evidence of surviving manuscripts show that it was known in Durham, York, Worcester and Cambridge in the years before the Civil War. However, it cannot be doubted that Byrd intended it principally for the Chapel Royal Choir, who would have sung it on major liturgical feasts and state occasions during the early Stuart period. It probably superseded other Elizabethan 'Great Service' settings by William Mundy, Richard Farrant and Robert Parsons in the Chapel Royal repertoire.

Byrd treats his forces with great resourcefulness. Most of the movements are divided into several sections, known at the time as 'verses'. A few passages(such as the Kyrie) are set in plain style with the two 'sides' of the choir in unison, but elsewhere Byrd makes full use of the possibilities for imitative writing and for various antiphonal and half-contrapuntal textures. He also combines various groupings from the Decani and Cantoris sides to make a variety of six, eight and occasionally ten-part counterpart. Most of the movements begin with a verse section scored for four soloists, who perhaps sang 'in media chori' (in the middle of the choir0, a procedure adopted in other Elizabethan Great Service settings. Although the length of the canticles made it difficult for him to expand on individual text-phrases, he sometimes allows himself an extended imitative paragraph at the end of a section. The doxologies of the two evening canticles (the Magnificat and the Nunc Dimittis) both end with majestic climaxes which are the most striking features of the work. However, Byrd's skill in handling the huge texts of the Te Deum and the Creed are equally skilful.

The Great Service was first published in 1922 in an edition by E. H. Fellowes, who had just discovered the important Durham Cathedral part books. Fellowes did not hesitate to describe it as the finest of all settings for the Anglican rite, though his editions suffer to some extent from unwarranted changes to Byrd's scoring indications. It is now available in a scholarly edition by Craig Monson (The Byrd Edition vol. 10b) which takes advantage of manuscript sources unavailable to Fellowes. It is still sung on festal occasions by English cathedral choirs, and there are several fine recordings.

Bibliography

E. H. Fellowes, William Byrd2nd end, london 1948)

P.G. Le Huray, Music and the Reformation in England 1549-1660 (Cambridge Studies in Music) Paperback – 9 Mar 2009

K. McCarthy, Byrd(Master Musicians, (Oxford, 2013

C. Monson (ed.) The Great SErvice (The Byrd Edition vol. 10b)