Khafd
Khafḍ (Arabic: خفض) or k̲h̲ifāḍ (خفاض) is the Arabic term for female circumcision[1] and sometimes male circumcision.[2]: 776 Although the arabic term khitan is used indifferently for male and female circumcision, khafd is commonly used only for females.[3][2]: 703
Usage
The Arabic word khafd خَفْض, which means to "lower"[2]: 776 or "excise",[1] is derived from the Arabic root verb khafadha َخَفَض which means to "circumcise a girl".[2]: 773 One of the earliest uses of the word khafd are found in the sayings (Hadith) of Muhammad, in which he instructs a practitioner named Umm ʿAṭiyya:
"اذا خفضت فأشمي ولا تنهكي" idhā k̲h̲afaḍti fa-ʾashimmī wa-lā tanhakī - (when you circumcise a girl, cut lightly, and no do not excise completely).[1][4][5]
Procedure
The male and female genitalia are biological homologues. The clitoris in females and penis in males are homologous just as the foreskin covering the genitalia in males and females. In male circumcision the foreskin covering the penis is removed, and in female circumcision the foreskin above the clitoris is circumcised or removed.[2]: 2992 [2]: 222 In Islam, this is referred to as a sunnah circumcision.[6][7] Although the classical Islamic texts aren't explicit in their description of the procedure, these texts limit the procedure of khafd to the prepuce only.[1] [2]: 222 [8]Some scholars are of the view that, similar to male circumcision the foreskin should be removed,[9] while others state that the prepuce should be nicked and not removed completely.[10][11][12] However, it is practiced irregularly in the Muslim world, where, instead of the prepuce, some perform a symbolic pricking of the clitoris.[13][8]
Terminology
Khafd is known commonly amoungst Muslims as sunnah (also suna or sunna)[1] and khitaan (or khatna) circumcision.[6] The Malays call it gusaran[1] or sunat perempuan.[11] The World Health Organization refers to the procedure in which the foreskin is removed as "circumcision" and categorizes it as Type Ia FGM.[14]
References
- ^ a b c d e f K̲h̲afḍ, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2013
- ^ a b c d e f g Lane, Edward William (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. London: Willams & Norgate. ISBN 8120601076.
- ^ khitān Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)
- ^ al-Jawziyyah, Ibn Qayyim. Thufat al-Mawdood Be Ahkam al- Mawlood. p. 280.
- ^ al-Albani, Muhammad Nasir al-Din (1985). Silsilatu al-Ahadith al-Sahiha. Beirut. pp. 353–358, Hadith 722.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Gruenbaum, Ellen (2001). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 2–3, 63.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Arora, Kavita Shah; Jacobs, Allan J. (2016-02-22). "Female genital alteration: a compromise solution". Journal of Medical Ethics: medethics–2014–102375. doi:10.1136/medethics-2014-102375. ISSN 0306-6800. PMID 26902479.
- ^ a b Myers, Alex (2015). "Neonatal Male Circumcision, If Not Already Commonplace, Would Be Plainly Unacceptable by Modern Ethical Standards". The American Journal of Bioethics. 15 (2): 54–55. doi:10.1080/15265161.2014.990166. ISSN 1526-5161.
- ^ Taqiuddin, Ibn Taymiyyah (1987). al- Fatawa al- Kubra. Beirut, Lebanon: Ed. Muhammad Abdul Qadir Ata & Mustafa Abdul Qadir Ata. Dar al- Kotob al- Ilmiyah. p. 237.
- ^ al- Bahuti, Mansur Ibn Yunus In Idris, (1983). Kashshaf al- Qina’ an Matn al- Iqtinaa. Beirut: Aalam al- Kutub. p. 80.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b DUA TUJUH (2017-10-01), Mekanisme Sunat Perempuan, retrieved 2018-10-14
- ^ "The Practice of Female Circumcision - Female Circumcision". Female Circumcision. 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2018-10-14.
- ^ Ed. "K̲h̲afḍ".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "WHO guidelines on the management of health complications from female genital mutilation". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2018-03-12.