Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane: Difference between pages

| verifiedrevid = 477207296

| PIN = 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

| OtherNames = Freon 142b; R-142b; HCFC-142b; Chlorodifluoroethane

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| EINECS =

| PubChem = 9625

| C=2|H=3|Cl=1|F=2

| Appearance = Colorless gas<ref name=GESTIS/>

| Density =

| MeltingPtC = -130.8

| MeltingPt_ref = <ref name=GESTIS>{{GESTIS|ZVG=38760}}</ref>

| BoilingPtC = −9.6

| BoilingPt_ref = <ref name=GESTIS/>

| Solubility = Slight<ref name=GESTIS/>

| MainHazards = Asphyxiant

| FlashPtC=

| AutoignitionPtC = 632

| AutoignitionPt_ref = <ref name=GESTIS/>

'''1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane''' ('''HCFC-142b''') is a [[haloalkane]] with the chemical formula [[Carbon|C]][[Hydrogen|H]]₃[[Carbon|C]][[Chlorine|Cl]][[Fluorine|F]]₂. It belongs to the [[hydrochlorofluorocarbon]] (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both [[ozone depletion]] and [[global warming]] when released into the environment. It is primarily used as a [[refrigerant]] where it is also known as R-142b and by trade names including [[Freon]]-142b.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.refrigerants.com/pdf/SDS%20R142b.pdf|title=Safety Data Sheet for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024231333/http://www.refrigerants.com/pdf/SDS%20R142b.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Physiochemical properties ==

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is a highly flammable, colorless gas under most atmospheric conditions. It has a boiling point of -10&nbsp;°C.<ref name="GESTIS"/><ref name="ASHRAE2004-34d,j,l-m,t">{{Cite web|url=http://ashrae.org/File%20Library/docLib/Public/20070613_342004_d_j_l_m_t_only.pdf|title=Addenda d, j, l, m, and t to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2004|date=2007-03-03|work=ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2004, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants|publisher=American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.|location=Atlanta, GA|issn=1041-2336|access-date=2011-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012095426/http://ashrae.org/File%20Library/docLib/Public/20070613_342004_d_j_l_m_t_only.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its critical temperature is near 137&nbsp;°C.<ref name=Schoen>{{Citation|last=Schoen |first=J. Andrew |url=http://www.jandrewschoen.com/refchart.pdf |title=Listing of Refrigerants |work=Andy's HVAC/R Web Page |access-date=2011-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319184345/http://www.jandrewschoen.com/refchart.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-19 }}</ref>

==Applications==

HCFC-142b is used as a refrigerant, as a [[foaming agent|blowing agent]] for foam plastics production, and as feedstock to make [[polyvinylidene fluoride]] (PVDF).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.epa.gov/ods-phaseout/phaseout-class-ii-ozone-depleting-substances | title = Phaseout of Class II Ozone-Depleting Substances | date = 22 July 2015 | publisher = [[Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> It was introduced to replace the [[chlorofluorocarbons]] (CFCs) that were initially undergoing a phase-out per the Montreal Protocol, but HCFCs still have a significant ozone-depletion ability. As of year 2020, HCFC's are replaced by non ozone depleting [[hydrofluorocarbon|HFC]]s within many applications.<ref name=icfi>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/docs/0007/icf_hcfc_background_doc_en.pdf |title=Overview of HCFC Consumption and Available Alternatives For Article 5 Countries |publisher=ICF International |year=2008 |accessdate=2021-02-12}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] stated that HCFCs could be used in ''"processes that result in the transformation or destruction of the HCFCs"'', such as using HCFC-142b as a feedstock to make PVDF. HCFCs could also be used in equipment that was manufactured before January 1, 2010.<ref>[https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR U.S. Government Publishing Office Federal Register] 2005 November 4, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2005-11-04/pdf/05-22036.pdf Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Notice of Data Availability; Information Concerning the Current and Predicted Use of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b] Pages 67172 - 67174 [FR DOC # 05-22036].</ref> The point of these new regulations was to phase-out HCFCs in much the same way that CFCs were phased out. HCFC-142b production in non article 5 countries like the United States was banned on January 1, 2020, under the Montreal Protocol.<ref name=icfi/>

==Production history==

According to the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), in 2006 global production (excluding India and China who did not report production data) of HCFC-142b was 33,779 metric tons and an increase in production from 2006 to 2007 of 34%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afeas.org/overview.php |title=Production and Sales of Fluorocarbons - AFEAS |access-date=2018-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928070808/http://www.afeas.org/overview.php |archive-date=2015-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

For the most part, concentrations of HCFCs in the atmosphere match the emission rates that were reported by industries. The exception to this is HCFC-142b which had a higher concentration than the emission rates suggest it should.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ucar.edu/communications/quarterly/spring01/hcfcs.html |title=Good news from the stratosphere, sort of: Accumulating HCFCs won't stop ozone-hole mending |access-date=2018-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203349/http://www.ucar.edu/communications/quarterly/spring01/hcfcs.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Environmental effects==

[[Image:HCFC142b concentration.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Growth of HCFC-142b in Earth's atmosphere since year 1992.<ref name=hats>{{cite web |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/gases/HCFC142b.html |title=HCFC-142b |publisher=NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories/Global Monitoring Division |accessdate=2021-02-12}}</ref>]]

[[File:HCFC-142b mm.png|thumb|left|HCFC-142b measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment ([http://agage.mit.edu/ AGAGE]) in the lower atmosphere ([[troposphere]]) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in [[Parts-per notation|parts-per-trillion]].]]

The concentration of HCFC-142b in the atmosphere grew to over 20 parts per trillion by year 2010.<ref name=hats/> It has an [[ozone depletion potential]] (ODP) of 0.07.<ref name=WMO2006>{{cite book|author1=John S. Daniel|author2=Guus J.M. Velders|author3=A.R. Douglass|author4=P.M.D. Forster|author5=D.A. Hauglustaine|author6=I.S.A. Isaksen|author7=L.J.M. Kuijpers|author8=A. McCulloch|author9=T.J. Wallington|title=Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006|date=2006|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|location = Geneva, Switzerland|chapter-url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2006/chapters/chapter8.pdf|access-date=9 October 2016|chapter=Chapter 8. Halocarbon Scenarios, Ozone Depletion Potentials, and Global Warming Potentials}}</ref> This is low compared to the ODP=1 of [[trichlorofluoromethane]] (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere by year 1985 (prior to introduction of HCFC-142b and the Montreal Protocol).

HCFC-142b is also a minor but potent [[greenhouse gas]]. It has an estimated [[Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|lifetime]] of about 17 years and a 100-year [[global warming potential]] ranging 2300 to 5000.<ref name="ar5">{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ |contribution= Chapter 8 |title=AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis |page=731}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Refrigerants - Environmental Properties|url=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/Refrigerants-Environment-Properties-d_1220.html|website=The Engineering ToolBox|accessdate=2016-09-12}}</ref> This compares to the GWP=1 of [[carbon dioxide]], which had a much greater atmospheric concentration near 400 parts per million in year 2020.

== See also ==

* [[IPCC list of greenhouse gases]]

* [[List of refrigerants]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chloro-1, 1-difluoroethane, 1-}}

[[Category:Refrigerants]]

[[Category:Hydrochlorofluorocarbons]]

[[Category:Greenhouse gases]]

[[Category:Ozone-depleting chemical substances]]