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Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 477283111 of page Antimony_trichloride for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'KEGG').
 
m →‎References in popular culture: corrected farm owner’s name per IMDB
 
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid [{{fullurl:Antimony_trichloride|oldid=477283111}} 477283111] of page [[Antimony_trichloride]] with values updated to verified values.}}
{{Chembox
{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 457132627
| verifiedrevid = 477313702
| ImageFile = SbCl3.png
| ImageFileL2 = SbCl3.png
| ImageSize = 150
| ImageSizeL2 = 120
| ImageName = Stereo structural formula of antimony trichloride
| ImageFile1 = Antimony-trichloride-3D-balls.png
| ImageNameL2 = Stereo structural formula of antimony trichloride
| ImageFileR2 = Antimony-trichloride-3D-balls.png
| ImageSize1 = 150
| ImageSizeR2 = 120
| ImageName1 = Ball and stick model of antimony trichloride
| PIN = Antimony trichloride
| ImageNameR2 = Ball and stick model of antimony trichloride
| ImageFile1 = Antimony_trichloride_solid.jpeg
| SystematicName = Trichlorostibane
| OtherNames = Antimony (III) chloride<br />
| PIN = Antimony trichloride
| SystematicName = Trichlorostibane
Butter of antimony<br />
| OtherNames = Antimony(III) chloride, Butter of antimony, Antimonous chloride, Stibous chloride, Trichlorostibine
Antimonous chloride<br />
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
Stibous chloride<br />
| InChI1 = 1/3ClH.Sb/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
Trichlorostibine
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| InChI1 = 1/3ClH.Sb/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
| InChIKey1 = FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-DFZHHIFOAK
| InChIKey1 = FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-DFZHHIFOAK
| CASNo = 10025-91-9
| CASNo = 10025-91-9
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| PubChem = 24814
| PubChem = 24814
| ChemSpiderID = 23199
| PubChem_Ref = {{Pubchemcite}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 23199
| UNII = J281401KK3
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = J281401KK3
| EINECS = 233-047-2
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| EINECS = 233-047-2
| UNNumber = 1733
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| UNNumber = 1733
| KEGG = C15235
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| KEGG = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: C15235 -->
| MeSHName = Antimony+trichloride
| ChEBI = 74856
| MeSHName = Antimony+trichloride
| RTECS = CC4900000
| RTECS = CC4900000
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/3ClH.Sb/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
| StdInChI = 1S/3ClH.Sb/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K
| StdInChIKey = FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K
| SMILES = Cl[Sb](Cl)Cl
| SMILES = Cl[Sb](Cl)Cl
| InChI = 1S/3ClH.Sb/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
| InChI = 1S/3ClH.Sb/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
| InChIKey = FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K}}
| InChIKey = FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Sb=1 | Cl=3
| Formula = SbCl<sub>3</sub>
| Appearance = Colorless solid, very [[hygroscopic]]
| MolarMass = 228.13 g/mol
| Odor = Sharp, pungent
| Appearance = colorless solid <br> [[hygroscopic]]
| Density = 3.14 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25&nbsp;°C)<br> 2.51 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (150&nbsp;°C)<ref name=atomistry />
| Odor = sharp, pungent
| Solubility = 601.1 g/100 ml (0&nbsp;°C)<ref name=atomistry /><br> 985.1 g/100 mL (25&nbsp;°C)<br> 1.357 kg/100 mL (40&nbsp;°C)<ref name=sioc />
| Density = 3.140 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[acetone]], [[ethanol]], [[dichloromethane|CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]], [[phenyl group|phenyl]]s, [[diethyl ether|ether]], [[dioxane]], [[carbon disulfide|CS<sub>2</sub>]], [[carbon tetrachloride|CCl<sub>4</sub>]], [[chloroform|CHCl<sub>3</sub>]], [[cyclohexane]], [[selenium(IV) oxychloride]]<br> Insoluble in [[pyridine]], [[quinoline]], organic bases
| Solubility = 602 g/100 cm<sup>3</sup> (0 °C)<br/>910 g/100 cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C)
| MeltingPtC = 73.4
| Solvent = [[organic solvent]]s
| MeltingPt_ref = <ref name="sigma" />
| SolubleOther = soluble in [[ABS alcohol]], [[methylene chloride]], [[benzene]], [[acetone]], [[ethanol]], [[dioxane]], [[carbon disulfide]]
| MeltingPt = 73.4 °C
| BoilingPtC = 223.5
| VaporPressure = 13.33 Pa (18.1&nbsp;°C)<ref name=chemister /><br> 0.15 kPa (50&nbsp;°C)<br> 2.6 kPa (100&nbsp;°C)<ref name=nist>{{nist|name=Antimony trichloride|id=C10025919|accessdate=2014-05-28|mask=FFFF|units=SI}}</ref>
| BoilingPt = 220.3 °C
| Solubility1 = 143.9 g/100 g (0&nbsp;°C)<br> 205.8 g/100 g (10&nbsp;°C)<br> 440.5 g/100 g (25&nbsp;°C)<ref name=chemister /><br> 693.7 g/100 g (45&nbsp;°C)<ref name=sioc>{{cite book|last = Seidell|first = Atherton|last2 = Linke|first2 = William F.|year = 1952|title = Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds|publisher = Van Nostrand}}</ref>
}}
| Solvent1 = acetic acid
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| Solubility3 = 139.2 g/100 g (15&nbsp;°C)<br> 169.5 g/100 g (25&nbsp;°C)<ref name=chemister /><br> 2.76 kg/100 g (70&nbsp;°C)<ref name=sioc />
| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1224.htm ICSC 1224]
| Solvent3 = benzoyl chloride
| EUClass = Corrosive ('''C''')<br/>Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')
| Solubility5 = 69.5 g/100 g (-3.5&nbsp;°C)<br> 85.5 g/100 g (10&nbsp;°C)<br> 150 g/100 g (30&nbsp;°C)<br> 2.17 kg/100 g (70&nbsp;°C)<ref name=sioc />
| EUIndex = 051-001-00-8
| Solvent5 = p-Cymene
| Solubility2 = 537.6 g/100 g (18&nbsp;°C)<ref name=sioc /><ref name=chemister>{{Cite web | url=http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1978 | title=Antimony(III) chloride}}</ref>
| Solvent2 = acetone
| Solubility4 = 20&nbsp;°C:<br> 8.954 g/ g (4.63% w/w)<br> 8.576 g/ g (14.4% w/w)<br> 7.898 g/ g (36.7% w/w)<ref name=sioc />
| Solvent4 = hydrochloric acid
| RefractIndex = 1.46<ref name=atomistry>{{Cite web | url=http://antimony.atomistry.com/antimony_trichloride.html | title=Antimony Trichloride, SbCl3}}</ref>
| MagSus = -86.7·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
}}
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| Dipole = 3.93 D (20 °C)<ref name=chemister />
| CrystalStruct = Orthorhombic
}}
|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| HeatCapacity = 183.3 J/mol·K<ref name=chemister />
| Entropy = 110.5 J/mol·K<ref name=chemister />
| DeltaHf = -381.2 kJ/mol<ref name=chemister />
| DeltaGf = -322.5 kJ/mol<ref name=chemister />
| DeltaHc =
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1224.htm ICSC 1224]
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS05}}{{GHS09}}<ref name="sigma">{{Sigma-Aldrich|id=337366|name=Antimony(III) chloride|accessdate=2014-05-29}}</ref>
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|314|411}}<ref name="sigma" />
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|273|280|305+351+338|310}}<ref name="sigma" />
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 1
| NFPA-R = 1
| NFPA-O =
| NFPA-S =
| RPhrases = {{R34}}, {{R51/53}}
| SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S26}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}}
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
| REL = TWA 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Sb)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0036}}</ref>
| PEL =
| PEL = TWA 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Sb)<ref name=PGCH/>
| LD50 = 525 mg/kg (oral, rat)
| LD50 = 525 mg/kg (oral, rat)
}}
}}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = [[Antimony trifluoride]]<br/>[[Antimony tribromide]]<br/>[[Antimony triiodide]]
| OtherAnions = [[Antimony trifluoride]]<br/>[[Antimony tribromide]]<br/>[[Antimony triiodide]]
| OtherCations = [[Nitrogen trichloride]]<br/>[[Phosphorus trichloride]]<br/>[[Arsenic trichloride]]<br/>[[Bismuth chloride]]
| OtherCations = [[Nitrogen trichloride]]<br/>[[Phosphorus trichloride]]<br/>[[Arsenic trichloride]]<br/>[[Bismuth chloride]]
| OtherCompounds = [[Antimony pentachloride]]
}}
}}
}}
}}

'''Antimony trichloride''' is the [[chemical compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] SbCl<sub>3</sub>. It is a soft colorless solid with a pungent odor and was known to [[alchemy|alchemists]] as '''butter of antimony'''.

==Preparation==
Antimony trichloride is prepared by reaction of [[chlorine]] with [[antimony]], [[antimony tribromide]], [[antimony trioxide]], or [[antimony trisulfide]]. It also may be made by treating antimony trioxide with concentrated [[hydrochloric acid]].

==Reactions==
[[File:Antimony trichloride solution.JPG|thumb|left|Antimony trichloride solution in hydrochloric acid]]
SbCl<sub>3</sub> is readily hydrolysed and samples of SbCl<sub>3</sub> must be protected from moisture. With a limited amount of water it forms [[antimony oxychloride]] releasing [[hydrogen chloride]]:
:SbCl<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → SbOCl + 2 HCl
With more water it forms {{chem|Sb|4|O|5|Cl|2}} which on heating to 460° under argon converts to {{chem|Sb|8|O|11|Cl|12}}.<ref name="Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|pages=558–571}}</ref>

SbCl<sub>3</sub> readily forms complexes with halides, but the stoichiometries are not a good guide to the composition;<ref name="Greenwood"/> for example, the {{chem|(C|5|H|5|NH)SbCl|4}} contains a chain anion with distorted Sb<sup>III</sup> octahedra. Similarly the salt {{chem|(C|4|H|9|NH|3|)|2|SbCl|5}} contains a polymeric anion of composition {{chem|[SbCl|5|2-|]|''n''}} with distorted octahedral Sb<sup>III</sup>.<ref>Zarychta, B.; Zaleski, J. "Phase transitions mechanism and distortion of {{chem|SbCl|6|3-}} octahedra in bis(''n''-butylammonium) pentachloroantimonate(III) {{chem|(C|4|H|9|NH|3|)|2|[SbCl|5|]}}". ''[[Z. Naturforsch. B]]'' '''2006''', ''61'', 1101–1109. [http://www.znaturforsch.com/ab/v61b/61b1101.pdf Abstract (PDF)]</ref>

With nitrogen donor ligands, L, complexes with a stereochemically active lone-pair are formed, for example Ψ-trigonal bipyramidal LSbCl<sub>3</sub> and Ψ-octahedral {{chem|L|2|SbCl|3}}.<ref name = "RB King">"Antimony: Inorganic Chemistry" R. Bruce King ''Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry'' Editor R Bruce King (1994) John Wiley and Sons {{ISBN|0-471-93620-0}}</ref>

While SbCl<sub>3</sub> is only a weak Lewis base,<ref name="Greenwood"/> some complexes, such as the [[carbonyl complex]]es {{chem|Fe(CO)|3|(SbCl|3|)|2}} and {{chem|Ni(CO)|3|SbCl|3}}, are known.<ref name = "RB King"/>

==Structure==
In the gas phase SbCl<sub>3</sub> is pyramidal with a Cl-Sb-Cl angle of 97.2° and a bond length of 233 pm.<ref name = "Wells"> Wells A.F. (1984) ''Structural Inorganic Chemistry'' 5th edition, pp. 879 - 884, Oxford Science Publications, {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}} </ref> In SbCl<sub>3</sub> each Sb has three Cl atoms at 234 pm showing the persistence of the molecular SbCl<sub>3</sub> unit, however there are a further five neighboring Cl atoms, two at 346 pm, one at 361 pm, and two at 374 pm. These eight atoms can be considered as forming a bicapped trigonal prism. These distances can be contrasted with BiCl<sub>3</sub> which has three near neighbors at 250 pm, with two at 324 pm, and three at a mean of 336 pm. The point to note here is that the all eight close neighbours of Bi are closer than the eight closest neighbours of Sb, demonstrating the tendency for Bi to adopt higher coordination numbers.<ref name = "Wells"/><ref name="Greenwood"/>

==Uses==
SbCl<sub>3</sub> is a [[reagent]] for detecting [[vitamin A]] and related [[carotenoid]]s in the [[Carr-Price test]]. The antimony trichloride reacts with the carotenoid to form a blue [[complex (chemistry)|complex]] that can be measured by [[colorimetry]].

Antimony trichloride has also been used as an [[adulterant]] to enhance the [[Ouzo effect|louche effect]] in [[absinthe]]. It has been used in the past to dissolve and remove horn buds from calves without having to cut them off.

It is also used as a catalyst for polymerization, hydrocracking, and chlorination reactions; as a [[mordant]]; and in the production of other antimony salts. Its solution is used as an analytical reagent for chloral, aromatics, and [[vitamin A]].<ref>Patnaik, P. ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals''. [[McGraw-Hill]], 2002, {{ISBN|0-07-049439-8}}.</ref>
It has a very potential use as a Lewis acid catalyst in synthetic organic transformation.

A solution of antimony trichloride in liquid [[hydrogen sulfide]] is a good conductor, though the applications of such are limited by the very low temperature or high pressure required for hydrogen sulfide to be liquid.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilkinson|first=John A.|title=Liquid Hydrogen Sulfide as a Reaction Medium.|journal=Chemical Reviews|language=EN|volume=8|issue=2|pages=237–250|doi=10.1021/cr60030a005|issn=0009-2665|year=1931}}</ref>

==References in popular culture==
In episode 2 of the third season of the popular British program ''[[All Creatures Great and Small (1978 TV series)|All Creatures Great and Small]]'' (adapted from chapter six of the book ''[[All Things Wise and Wonderful]]''), several calves died at Kate Billings farm following an episode of nonspecific [[gastroenteritis]], the cause of which was later determined to be ingestion of antimony trichloride present in a topical "butter of antimony" solution painted on to cauterize and remove their horn buds.

== References ==
{{Commons category|Antimony trichloride}}
{{reflist | 30em}}

{{Antimony compounds}}
{{Chlorides}}

[[Category:Chlorides]]
[[Category:Metal halides]]
[[Category:Antimony(III) compounds]]
[[Category:Alchemical substances]]