Chlorotrifluoromethane: Difference between revisions

| Verifiedfields = changed

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 441022733

| PIN = Chloro(trifluoro)methane <!-- Parentheses are used according to Subsection P-16.5.1.3 of Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book) -->

| OtherNames = Chlorotrifluoromethane<br />Monochlorotrifluoromethane<br />Trifluorochloromethane<br />Trifluoromethyl chloride<br />Trifluoromonochlorocarbon<br />Arcton 3<br />Freon 13<br />Genetron 13<br />R-13<br />CFC 13<br />UN 1022

|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}

| UNII = 7C6U91JNED

| EINECS = 200-894-4

| PubChem = 6392

| SMILES = ClC(F)(F)F

| InChI = 1/CClF3/c2-1(3,4)5

| RTECS = PA6410000

|Section2={{Chembox Properties

| Formula = CClF₃

| MolarMass = 104.46 g/mol

| Appearance = Colorless gas with sweet odor

| Density = 1.526 g/cm³

| MeltingPtC = -181

| MeltingPt_notes =

| BoilingPtC = -81.5

| BoilingPt_notes =

| Solubility = 0.009% at {{convert|25|C}}

| VaporPressure = 3.263 MPa at {{convert|21|C}}

| ThermalConductivity = 0.01217 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ (300 K)<ref>Touloukian, Y.S., Liley, P.E., and Saxena, S.C. Thermophysical properties of matter - the TPRC data series. Volume 3. Thermal conductivity - nonmetallic liquids and gases. Data book. 1970.</ref>

|Section3={{Chembox Hazards

| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0420.htm ICSC 0420]

| MainHazards = Ozone depletor and asphyxiant

| NFPA-H =

| NFPA-F =

| NFPA-R =

| NFPA-S =

| FlashPt = Non-flammable

'''Chlorotrifluoromethane''', '''R-13''', '''CFC-13''', or '''Freon 13''', is a non-flammable, non-corrosive, nontoxic [[chlorofluorocarbon]] (CFC) and also a mixed [[halomethane]]. It is a man-made substance used primarily as a [[refrigerant]]. When released into the environment, CFC-13 has a high [[ozone depletion potential]], and long [[Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|atmospheric lifetime]].<ref name=Ull>{{Ullmann|first1=Günter |last1=Siegemund |first2=Werner |last2=Schwertfeger |first3=Andrew |last3=Feiring |first4=Bruce |last4=Smart |first5=Fred |last5=Behr |first6=Herward |last6=Vogel |first7=Blaine |last7=McKusick |title=Fluorine Compounds, Organic |year=2002 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a11_349}}</ref> Only a few other [[greenhouse gas]]es surpass CFC-13 in [[global warming potential]] (GWP).<ref name="VollmerMartin_20171010"/>{{rp|2}} The [[IPCC]] AR5 reported that CFC-13's [[Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|atmospheric lifetime]] was 640 years.<ref name="ar5"/>

==Production==

CFC-13{{emdash}}like all chlorofluorocarbon compounds{{emdash}}contains atoms of [[carbon]] (C), [[chlorine]] (Cl), and [[fluorine]] (F).<ref name="Ashworth_20230403">{{Cite magazine |last=Ashworth |first=James |title = Mystery emissions of ozone-damaging gases are fuelling climate change |magazine=Natural History Museum | access-date = April 3, 2023 |date=April 3, 2023| url = https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2023/april/mystery-emissions-ozone-damaging-gases-fuelling-climate-change.html}}</ref><ref name="NOAA_Elkins_2013">{{Cite press release |first=James.W. |last=Elkins | via = US Department of Commerce and NOAA |work=NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory | title = Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species| access-date = April 3, 2023 |date=2013 | url = https://gml.noaa.gov/hats/about/cfc.html}}</ref>

It can be prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a [[catalysis|catalytic]] amount of [[antimony pentachloride]]:

CCl₄ + 3HF <nowiki>→</nowiki> CClF₃ + 3HCl

This reaction can also produce [[trichlorofluoromethane]] (CCl₃F), [[dichlorodifluoromethane]] (CCl₂F₂) and [[tetrafluoromethane]] (CF₄).<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=304}}</ref>

==Montreal Protocol==

{{main|Montreal Protocol}}

Following the unanimous ratification of the 1987 [[Montreal Protocol]]{{emdash}}in response to concerns about the role of concentrations of [[chlorofluorocarbons]] (CFCs) in [[ozone layer]]-depletion in the [[stratosphere]]{{emdash}}a process was put into place to gradually phase out and replace CFC-13 and all the other CFCs.<ref name="Allen_20230403">{{Cite news |first=Kate |last=Allen | title = Remember ozone-destroying CFCs? They're on the rise again. And the source is a mystery| work = The Star | access-date = April 3, 2023 | date = April 3, 2023 | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2023/04/03/remember-ozone-destroying-cfcs-theyre-on-the-rise-again-and-the-source-is-a-mystery.html}}</ref> Research in the 1980s said that these man-made CFC compound compounds had opened a hole in ozone layer in the upper atmosphere or stratosphere that protects life on earth from [[UV radiation]].<ref name="Ashworth_20230403"/>

CFC-13's [[ozone depletion potential]] (ODP) is high{{emdash}} 1<ref name=EPAodsC1/> ([[Trichlorofluoromethane|CCl₃F]] = 1){{emdash}}it is categorized as a Class I in the IPCC's list of ozone-depleting substances.<ref name=EPAodsC1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/Ozone/science/ods/classone.html |title=Class I Ozone-depleting Substances |year=2007 |work=Science - Ozone Layer Protection |publisher=US EPA |access-date=2010-12-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210101528/http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/ods/classone.html |archive-date=2010-12-10 }}</ref> CFC-13's radiative efficiency is high which results in a high [[global warming potential]] (GWPs) of 13 900 GWP-100 yr that is "surpassed by very few other greenhouse gases."<ref name="VollmerMartin_20171010">{{cite journal |last1=Vollmer |first1= Martin |last2=Young |first2= Dickon |last3=Trudinger |first3= Cathy |last4=Mühle |first4= Jens |last5=Henne |first5= Stephan |last6=Rigby |first6= Matt |last7=Park |first7= Sunyoung |last8=Li |first8= Shihong |last9=Guillevic |first9= Myriam |last10=Mitrevski |first10= Blagoj |last11=Harth |first11= Christina |last12=Miller |first12= Benjamin |last13=Reimann |first13= Stefan |last14=Yao |first14= Bo |last15=Steele |first15= L. |last16=Wyss |first16= Simon |last17=Lunder |first17= Chris |last18=Arduini |first18= Jgor |last19=McCulloch |first19= Archie |last20=Simmonds |first20= Peter |date=October 10, 2017 |number=39 |title=Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), CFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5) |volume= 2017 |doi=10.5194/acp-2017-935 |journal=[[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions]]|hdl=1721.1/116270 |hdl-access=free |doi-access= free }}</ref> It is categorized as a Class I in the list of ozone-depleting Substances.<ref name=EPAodsC1/>{{rp|2}}

===Increase in atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 in 2010s===

Starting in the 2010s, despite a global ban on the production of CFCs, five of these ozone-damaging emissions were on the rise.<ref name="Ashworth_20230403"/>

The atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 rose from 3.0&nbsp;parts per trillion (ppt) in year 2010 to 3.3&nbsp;ppt in year 2020 based on analysis of air samples gathered from sites around the world.<ref name="agage">{{cite web |url=https://agage.mit.edu/data/agage-data |title=AGAGE Data and Figures |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=2021-02-11}}</ref>

Contrary to the Montreal Protocol, the atmospheric emissions of CFC-13 and four other [[chlorofluorocarbons]] (CFCs), increased between 2010 and 2020.<ref name="Nature_Western_2023">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w| issn = 1752-0908| pages = 309–313| last1 = Western| first1 = Luke M.| last2 = Vollmer| first2 = Martin K.| last3 = Krummel| first3 = Paul B.| last4 = Adcock| first4 = Karina E.| last5 = Fraser| first5 = Paul J.| last6 = Harth| first6 = Christina M.| last7 = Langenfelds| first7 = Ray L.| last8 = Montzka| first8 = Stephen A.| last9 = Mühle| first9 = Jens| last10 = O’Doherty| first10 = Simon| last11 = Oram| first11 = David E.| last12 = Reimann| first12 = Stefan| last13 = Rigby| first13 = Matt| last14 = Vimont| first14 = Isaac| last15 = Weiss| first15 = Ray F.| last16 = Young| first16 = Dickon| last17 = Laube| first17 = Johannes C.| title = Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020| journal = Nature Geoscience| access-date = April 3, 2023 | date = April 3, 2023 | volume = 16| issue = 4| bibcode = 2023NatGe..16..309W| hdl = 1983/9e103fef-e61c-49c7-a1a3-902540ec1d7c| s2cid = 257941769| url = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-023-01147-w| hdl-access = free}}</ref>

As of 2023, the drivers behind the increase in CFC-13 and [[CFC-112a]] emissions were not certain.<ref name="Nature_Western_2023"/>

The [[IPCC]] AR5 reported that CFC-13's [[Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|Atmospheric lifetime]] was 640 years.<ref name="IPCC_AR4_Forster_2007">{{Cite journal| last1 = Forster| first1 = Piers| last2 = Ramaswamy| first2 = Venkatachalam| last3 = Artaxo| first3 = Paulo| last4 = Berntsen| first4 = Terje| last5 = Betts| first5 = Richard| last6 = Fahey| first6 = David W| last7 = Haywood| first7 = James| last8 = Lean| first8 = Judith| last9 = Lowe| first9 = David C| last10 = Raga| first10 = Graciela| last11 = Schulz| first11 = Michael| last12 = Dorland| first12 = Robert Van| last13 = Bodeker| first13 = G| last14 = Etheridge| first14 = D| last15 = Foukal| first15 = P| last16 = Fraser| first16 = P| last17 = Geller| first17 = M| last18 = Joos| first18 = F| last19 = Keeling| first19 = C D| last20 = Keeling| first20 = R| last21 = Kinne| first21 = S| last22 = Lassey| first22 = K| last23 = Oram| first23 = D| last24 = O’Shaughnessy| first24 = K| last25 = Ramankutty| first25 = N| last26 = Reid| first26 = G| last27 = Rind| first27 = D| last28 = Rosenlof| first28 = K| last29 = Sausen| first29 = R| last30 = Schwarzkopf| first30 = D| last31 = Solanki| first31 = S K| last32 = Stenchikov| first32 = G| last33 = Stuber| first33 = N| last34 = Takemura| first34 = T| last35 = Textor| first35 = C| last36 = Wang| first36 = R| last37 = Weiss| first37 = R| last38 = Whorf| first38 = T| last39 = Nakajima| first39 = Teruyuki| last40 = Ramanathan| first40 = Veerabhadran| last41 = Ramaswamy| first41 = V| last42 = Artaxo| first42 = P| last43 = Berntsen| first43 = T| last44 = Betts| first44 = R| last45 = Fahey| first45 = D W| last46 = Haywood| first46 = J| last47 = Lean| first47 = J| last48 = Lowe| first48 = D C| last49 = Myhre| first49 = G| last50 = Nganga| first50 = J| last51 = Prinn| first51 = R| last52 = Raga| first52 = G| last53 = Schulz| first53 = M| last54 = Dorland| first54 = R Van| title = Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing |series=AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis |journal=International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) }}</ref>

| [[Density]] (ρ) at -127.8&nbsp;°C (liquid)

| 1.603 g⋅cm⁻³

| 6.94&nbsp;kg⋅m⁻³

| [[Density]] (ρ) at 15&nbsp;°C (gas)

| 4.41 g⋅cm⁻³

|

|-181&nbsp;°C (92 K)

| 28.8&nbsp;°C (302 K)

| 5.5&nbsp;mol⋅L⁻¹

| 149.85 kJ⋅kg⁻¹

| [[Specific heat capacity]] at constant pressure (C_p) at -34.4&nbsp;°C

| 0.06 kJ⋅mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹

| [[Specific heat capacity]] at constant volume (C_V) at -34.4&nbsp;°C

| 0.051 kJ⋅mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹

| [[Heat capacity ratio]] (к) at -34.4&nbsp;°C

| [[Compressibility|Compressibility Factor]] (Z) at 15&nbsp;°C

| [[Viscosity]] (η) at 0&nbsp;°C (gas)

| 13.3 mPa⋅s (0.0133 cP)

| [[Viscosity]] (η) at 25&nbsp;°C (gas)

| 14.1 mPa⋅s (0.01440 cP)

| 1<ref name=EPAodsC1/>([[Trichlorofluoromethane|CCl₃F]] = 1)

| 14,000<ref name="ar5">{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ |contribution= Chapter 8 |title=AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis |page=731}}</ref> ([[Carbon dioxide|CO₂]] = 1)

|-

| [[Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|Atmospheric lifetime]]

| 640 years<ref name="ar5"/>

== See also ==

* [[IPCC list of greenhouse gases]]

* [[List of refrigerants]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006101924/https://www.mathesontrigas.com/pdfs/msds/MAT04900.pdf MSDS at mathesontrigas.com]

* [http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=16 Entry at Air Liquide gas encyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707095939/http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=16 |date=2011-07-07 }}

* [http://journals.iucr.org/b/issues/1985/02/00/a24389/a24389.pdf The crystal structure of chlorotrifluoromethane, CF₃Cl; neutron powder diffraction and constrained refinement]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{fluorine compounds}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Greenhouse gases]]

[[Category:Ozone depletion]]

[[Category:Trifluoromethyl compounds]]