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{{short description|Chemical compound}}
{{chembox
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 445849921
| verifiedrevid = 458438073
|ImageFile=Potassium bromate.png
| style =
|ImageSize=150px
| Name =
|ImageFile2=Bromičnan draselný.JPG
| ImageFile = Potassium bromate.png
|ImageSize2=180px
| ImageSize = 150px
|IUPACName=Potassium bromate
| ImageFileL1 = Potassium-3D.png
|OtherNames = Potassium bromate(V); Bromic acid, potassium salt
| ImageFileR1 = Bromate-3D-vdW.png
|Section1= {{Chembox Identifiers
| ImageFile2 = Bromičnan draselný.JPG
| CASNo=7758-01-2
| ImageSize2 = 180px
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| IUPACName = Potassium bromate
| PubChem=24444
| OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list|Potassium bromate(V)|Bromic acid, potassium salt}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| SystematicName =
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo =7758-01-2
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 22852
| ChemSpiderID = 22852
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 38211
| ChEBI = 38211
| ChEMBL = 2311074
| EINECS = 231-829-8
| Gmelin = 15380
| RTECS = EF8725000
| UNNumber = 1484
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C19295
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 04MB35W6ZA
| PubChem = 23673461
| SMILES = [K+].[O-]Br(=O)=O
| SMILES = [K+].[O-]Br(=O)=O
| InChI = 1/BrHO3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
| InChI = 1/BrHO3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
| InChIKey = OCATYIAKPYKMPG-REWHXWOFAM
| InChIKey = OCATYIAKPYKMPG-REWHXWOFAM
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/BrHO3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
| StdInChI = 1S/BrHO3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = OCATYIAKPYKMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| StdInChIKey = OCATYIAKPYKMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| EINECS = 231-829-8
| RTECS = EF8725000
| UNNumber = 1484
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: C19295 -->
}}
|Section2= {{Chembox Properties
| Formula=KBrO<sub>3</sub>
| MolarMass=167.00 g/mol
| Appearance=white crystalline powder
| Density=3.27 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| MeltingPtC=350
| BoilingPt=370 °C (decomposes)
| Solubility= 6.91 g/100 mL (20 °C)<br>13.3 g/100 mL (40 °C)
| SolubleOther = slightly soluble in [[alcohol]] <br> insoluble in [[acetone]]
}}
}}
|Section3= {{Chembox Hazards
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = {{chem|K|Br|O|3}}
| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1115.htm ICSC 1115]
| MolarMass =167.00 g/mol
| EUClass = [[Carcinogen|Carc. Cat. 2]]<br/>Toxic ('''T''')<br/>Oxidant ('''O''')
| Appearance =white crystalline powder
| EUIndex = 035-003-00-6
| NFPA-H = 2
| Density =3.27 g/cm³
| NFPA-F = 0
| MeltingPtC =350
| NFPA-R = 2
| BoilingPtC = 370
| BoilingPt_notes = (decomposes)
| NFPA-O = OX
| Solubility = 3.1 g/100 mL (0 °C) <br> 6.91 g/100 mL (20 °C)<br> 13.3 g/100 mL (40 °C) <br> 49.7 g/100 mL (100 °C)
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
| SolubleOther = Insoluble in [[acetone]]
| RPhrases = {{R45}} {{R9}} {{R25}}
| SPhrases = {{S53}} {{S45}}
| MagSus = −52.6·{{10^|−6}} cm³/mol
| LD50 = 321 mg/kg
}}
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = hexagonal
}}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = −342.5 kJ/mol
}}
| Section5 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = {{cite web |title=ICSC&nbsp;1115 |url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1115.htm}}
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 2
| NFPA-S = OX
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS03}}{{GHS06}}{{GHS08}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|271|301|350}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|210|220|221|264|270|280|281|283|301+310|306+360|308+313|321|330|370+378|371+380+375|405|501}}
| LD50 = 157 mg/kg (oral, rat)<ref>{{cite web | title = Potassium bromate | id = {{sc|rn}}&nbsp;7758-01-2 | series = ChemIDplus | website = chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov | publisher = U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]] | url = https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/7758-01-2}}</ref>
}}
| Section9 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = [[Potassium chlorate]]<br/>[[Potassium iodate]]
| OtherCations = [[Sodium bromate]]<br/>[[Calcium bromate]]
| OtherFunction =
| OtherFunction_label =
| OtherCompounds =
}}
}}
}}
'''Potassium bromate''' ({{chem|K|Br|O|3}}) is a [[bromate]] of [[potassium]] and takes the form of white crystals or powder. It is a strong oxidizing agent.


==Preparation==
'''Potassium bromate''' (KBrO<sub>3</sub>), is a [[bromate]] of [[potassium]] and takes the form of white crystals or powder.
Potassium bromate is produced when [[bromine]] is passed through a hot solution of [[potassium hydroxide]]. This first forms unstable [[potassium hypobromite]], which quickly [[disproportionate]]s into bromide and bromate:<ref name=HarvWestl-AP>{{cite report |title=Synthesis, separation, and purification of {{chem|K|Br}} and {{chem|K|Br|O}} |type=course notes |series=Advanced Placement Chemistry |department=Pre-Labs |publisher=[[Harvard-Westlake School]] |url=http://www.hwscience.com/chemistry/ap/aplab/synkbr.pdf |via=Harvard-Westlake School (hwscience.com) |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516205449/http://hwscience.com/chemistry/ap/aplab/synkbr.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
: 3 {{chem|BrO|−}} <math>\ \xrightarrow{\mathsf{\ (aq)\;}}\ </math> 2 {{chem|Br|−|}} + {{chem|BrO|3|−}}
Electrolysis of [[potassium bromide]] solutions will also give bromate. Both processes are analogous to those used in the production of [[chlorate]]s.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Potassium bromate is readily separated from the potassium bromide present in both methods owing to its much lower solubility; when a solution containing potassium bromate and bromide is cooled to 0°C, nearly all bromate will precipitate, while nearly all of the bromide will stay in solution.<ref name=HarvWestl-AP/>


==Uses in baking==
==Uses in baking==
Potassium bromate is typically used in the United States as a [[flour]] improver ([[E number]] E924). It acts to strengthen the [[dough]] and to allow higher rising. It is an [[oxidizing agent]], and under the right conditions, is reduced to [[bromide]] in the baking process.<ref>{{cite report |section=Volume&nbsp;13, Series&nbsp;6, page&nbsp;3136 |title=''Federal Register'' |year=1948 |type=compendium |lang=en |series=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service |publisher=General Services Administration |place=Washington, DC |section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZETX9v5n5jYC&dq=potassium+bromate+bromide+baking&pg=PA3136 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Kurokawa-Maekawa-etal-1990/> However, if too much is added, or if the bread is under-baked long or baked at a low enough temperature, then a residual amount remains, which may be harmful if consumed.<ref name=Kurokawa-Maekawa-etal-1990>{{cite journal |last1=Kurokawa |first1=Y. |last2=Maekawa |first2=A. |last3=Takahashi |first3=M. |last4=Hayashi |first4=Y. |date=1 July 1990 |title=Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate – a new renal carcinogen |journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]] |volume=87 |pages=309–335 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1567851 |pmid=2269236 |doi=10.1289/ehp.9087309}}</ref>
Potassium bromate is typically used as a [[flour]] improver ([[E number]] E924), strengthening the [[dough]] and allowing higher rising. It is an [[oxidizing agent]], and under the right conditions, will be completely used up in the baking bread. However, if too much is added, or if the bread is not baked long enough or not at a high enough temperature, then a residual amount will remain, which may be harmful if consumed. Potassium bromate might also be used in the production of [[malt]] barley where the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has prescribed certain conditions where it may be used safely, which includes labeling standards for the finished [[malt]] barley product.<ref>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.730 Section 172.730 Potassium Bromate], Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption, US Code of Federal Regulations, US Food and Drug Administration</ref> It is a very powerful oxidizer (E° = 1.5 volts comparable to [[potassium permanganate]]). Bromate is considered a category 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) carcinogen by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC).<ref>[http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol73/73-17.html IARC--Summaries & Evaluations: Potassium Bromate (Group 2B)], International Agency for Research on Cancer</ref>

Potassium bromate may be used in the production of [[malt]] barley, but under safety conditions prescribed by the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA), including labeling standards for the finished product.<ref>{{cite report |at=section&nbsp;172.730 |section=Potassium Bromate |title=Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption |series=U.S. Code of Federal Regulations |type=laws & regulations |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] |section-url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-172/subpart-H/section-172.730 |via=ecfr.gov}}</ref> It is a powerful oxidizer ([[standard electrode potential|electrode potential <math>E^\ominus</math>&nbsp;]]{{nobr|{{math|{{=}} 1.5}} volts,}} similar to [[potassium permanganate]]).{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}


==Regulation==
==Regulation==
Potassium bromate is classified as a category&nbsp;2B [[carcinogen]] by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]].<ref>
Potassium bromate has been banned from use in food products in the EU, Canada, Nigeria, Brazil<ref>http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/LEIS_2001/L10273.htm</ref>, Peru and some other countries. It was banned in Sri Lanka in 2001<ref>[http://www.elaw.org/news/advocate/default.asp?issue=2001-4 Bridges Across Borders], Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide</ref> and China in 2005.
{{cite report |url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol73/73-17.html |title=Potassium bromate (group&nbsp;2B) |publisher=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC) |volume=73 |id=73-17 |via=inchem.org |series=IARC Summaries & Evaluations}}
</ref> The FDA allowed the use of bromate before the [[Delaney clause]] of the [[Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]] – which bans potentially carcinogenic substances – went into effect in 1958. Since 1991, the FDA has urged bakers to not use it, but has not mandated a ban.


Japanese baked goods manufacturers stopped using potassium bromate voluntarily in 1980; however, [[Yamazaki Baking]] resumed its use in 2005, claiming it had new production methods to reduce the amount of the chemical which remained in the final product.<ref>
In the United States, it has not been banned. The FDA sanctioned the use of bromate before the [[Delaney clause]] of the [[Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]]—which bans potentially carcinogenic substances— went into effect in 1958, so it is more difficult for it to now be banned. Instead, since 1991 the FDA has urged bakers to voluntarily stop using it. In [[California]] a warning label is required when bromated flour is used.
{{cite news |last1=Kawo |first1=Kuro |display-authors=etal |title=Japan's Yamazaki Baking to use potassium bromate in bread |url= |url-status= |access-date= |publication-date=c. 1990 |series=AsiaPulse News}} Cited by <br />
{{cite journal |last1=Duvvuri |first1=Shreemathi |last2=Panchagnula |first2=Shobharani |date=September–October 2016 |title=Analysis of potassium iodate and potassium bromate in bakery products by electro-analytical techniques |url=http://www.ijtrd.com/papers/IJTRD4278.pdf |journal=International Journal of Trend in Research and Development |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=412–413 |issn=2394-9333 |via=ijtrd.com}}
</ref>


Potassium bromate is banned from food products in the European Union, Argentina, Brazil,<ref>
Japanese baked goods manufacturers stopped using potassium bromate voluntarily in 1980; however, [[Yamazaki Baking Company Limited|Yamazaki Baking]] resumed its use in 2005, claiming they had new production methods to reduce the amount of the chemical which remained in the final product.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-131178476.html AsiaPulse News: Japan's Yamazaki Baking to use potassium bromate in bread]</ref>
{{cite web
|title = Dispõe sobre o uso do bromato de potássio na farinha e nos produtos de panificação
|trans-title=Regarding the use of potassium bromate in flour and bakery products |lang = pt
|publication-date = c. 2001
|url = http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/LEIS_2001/L10273.htm
|via=planalto.gov.br
}}
</ref> Canada, Nigeria, South Korea, and Peru. It was banned in Sri Lanka in 2001,<ref>{{cite news
|title={{grey|[title not cited]}}
|periodical=E‑Law Advocate
|id=(2001)
|issue=4
|publisher=Bridges Across Borders
|quote=Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide
|url=http://www.elaw.org/news/advocate/default.asp?issue=2001-4
|url-status=dead
|access-date=2006-10-10
|archive-date=2018-05-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174511/https://www.elaw.org/news/advocate/default.asp?issue=2001-4
}} {{citation not found|date=October 2023
}}</ref> China in 2005,<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Importer halts unsafe potato chips from the U.S.
|date=7 December 2007
|newspaper=[[China Daily]]
|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-12/07/content_6304490.htm
|access-date=2023-02-21 |via=chinadaily.com.cn
}}
</ref> and India in 2016,<ref>
{{cite news
|title=India bans use of cancer-causing additive, potassium bromate, in bread, other food
|orig-date=20 June 2016 |date=21 June 2016
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-bans-use-of-cancer-causing-additive-potassium-bromate-in-bread-other-food/articleshow/52836892.cms
|access-date=20 June 2016 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com
}}
</ref> but it is allowed in most of the United States. As of May&nbsp;2023, the U.S. state of [[New York (state)|New York]] is considering banning the use of potassium bromate.<ref>
{{cite news
|first=Dana G. |last=Smith
|date=13 April 2023
|title=Two states have proposed bans on common food additives linked to health concerns
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/13/well/eat/food-additive-ban.html
|via=nytimes.com |access-date=23 May 2023
}}
</ref>

In [[California]], a warning label is required when bromated flour is used.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Bromate meets the criteria for listing |url=http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/CRNR_notices/admin_listing/intent_to_list/noilbromate.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041405/http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/CRNR_notices/admin_listing/intent_to_list/noilbromate.html |archive-date=2013-12-03 |website=oehha.ca.gov |series=Proposition&nbsp;65 |publisher=[[California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment]] |department=CRNR notices}}
</ref> In October 2023, [[California]] enacted a law that banned the manufacture, sale, and distribution of potassium bromate (along with three other additives: [[brominated vegetable oil]], [[propylparaben]], and [[Red 3]]). The law takes effect in 2027. It was the first U.S. state to ban it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cimons |first=Marlene |date=2023-10-11 |title=California isn’t banning Skittles, but four additives will be removed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2023/10/11/california-skittles-ban-chemicals-food/ |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB418&showamends=false|title=AB-418 The California Food Safety Act.|publisher=[[ca.gov]]|lang=en}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|title = California becomes first U.S. state to ban 4&nbsp;potentially harmful chemicals in food
|date = 10 October 2023
|website = [[CNN]]
|url = https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/09/health/california-governor-bans-red-dye-no-3-wellness/index.html
}}
</ref>


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Potassium compounds}}
{{Potassium compounds}}
{{Bromates}}
{{E number infobox 920-929}}
{{E number infobox 920-929}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Potassium Bromate}}
[[Category:Bromates]]
[[Category:Bromates]]
[[Category:Potassium compounds]]
[[Category:Potassium compounds]]
[[Category:IARC Group 2B carcinogens]]
[[Category:IARC Group 2B carcinogens]]
[[Category:Oxidizing agents]]
[[Category:Oxidizing agents]]
[[Category:Food additives]]

[[ar:برومات البوتاسيوم]]
[[cs:Bromičnan draselný]]
[[de:Kaliumbromat]]
[[es:Bromato de potasio]]
[[fr:Bromate de potassium]]
[[it:Bromato di potassio]]
[[hu:Kálium-bromát]]
[[nl:Kaliumbromaat]]
[[ja:臭素酸カリウム]]
[[pt:Bromato de potássio]]
[[simple:Potassium bromate]]
[[fi:Kaliumbromaatti]]
[[zh:溴酸钾]]
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