Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Stibine: Difference between pages

{{Chembox

| Verifiedfields = changed

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 470470898

| Name = Stibine

| ImageFile1 = Stibine.png

| ImageSize1 = 120px

| ImageName1 = Skeletal formula of stibine

| ImageFile2 = Stibine-3D-vdW.png

| ImageSize2 = 120px

| ImageName2 = Spacefill model of stibine

| ImageCaption2 = {{legend|#9e63b5|Antimony, Sb}}{{legend|white|Hydrogen, H}}

| IUPACName = Stibane

| OtherNames = Antimony trihydride <br> Hydrogen antimonide

| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| CASNo = 7803-52-3

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| EINECS = 620-578-3

| PubChem = 9359

| RTECS = WJ0700000

| UNNumber = 2676

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = 0VKZ97K3UB

| Gmelin = 795

| SMILES = [SbH3]

| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties

| Formula = SbH₃

| MolarMass = 124.784 g/mol

| Appearance = Colourless gas

| Odor = unpleasant, like [[hydrogen sulfide]]

| Density = 5.48 g/L, gas

| Solubility = slightly soluble

| Solvent = ethanol

| SolubleOther = soluble<ref name="crc">{{cite book |author1=John Rumble |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1138561632 |pages=4–41|edition=99th |language=English}}</ref>

| MeltingPtC = −88

| BoilingPtC = −17

| ConjugateAcid = Stibonium

| pKb =

| VaporPressure = >1 atm (20°C)<ref name=PGCH/>

| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure

| MolShape = Trigonal pyramidal

| Dipole =

}}

| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards

| MainHazards = Extremely toxic, flammable

| ExternalSDS =

| NFPA-H = 4

| NFPA-R = 3

| NFPA-F = 4

| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}}{{GHS04}}{{GHS06}}{{GHS08}}

| GHSSignalWord = Danger

| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|220|370}}

| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|260|264|270|307+311|321|377|381|403|405|501}}

| FlashPt = Flammable gas

| PEL = TWA 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m³)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0568}}</ref>

| IDLH = 5 ppm<ref name=PGCH/>

| REL = TWA 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m³)<ref name=PGCH/>

| LCLo = 100 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)<br/>92 ppm (guinea pig, 1 hr)<br/>40 ppm (dog, 1 hr)<ref>{{IDLH|7803523|Stibine}}</ref>

}}

| Section8 = {{Chembox Related

| OtherCompounds = [[Ammonia]]<br/>[[Phosphine]]<br/>[[Arsine]]<br/>[[Bismuthine]]<br/>[[Triphenylstibine]]

}}

}}

'''Stibine''' ([[IUPAC]] name: '''stibane''') is a [[chemical compound]] with the formula [[Antimony|Sb]][[Hydrogen|H]]₃. A [[pnictogen hydride]], this colourless, highly toxic gas is the principal [[covalent hydride]] of [[antimony]], and a heavy analogue of [[ammonia]]. The molecule is pyramidal with H–Sb–H angles of 91.7° and Sb–H distances of 170.7 [[picometre|pm]] (1.707 [[ångström|Å]]). This gas has an offensive smell like [[hydrogen sulfide]] (rotten eggs).

==Preparation==

SbH₃ is generally prepared by the reaction of Sb³⁺ sources with H− equivalents:<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bellama, J. M. |author2=MacDiarmid, A. G. |title= Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and Antimony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride |journal= [[Inorganic Chemistry (journal)|Inorganic Chemistry]] |year= 1968 |volume= 7 |issue= 10 |pages= 2070–2072 |doi= 10.1021/ic50068a024}}</ref>

:2 Sb₂O₃ + 3 LiAlH₄ → 4 SbH₃ + 1.5 Li₂O + 1.5 Al₂O₃

:4 SbCl₃ + 3 NaBH₄ → 4 SbH₃ + 3 NaCl + 3 BCl₃

Alternatively, sources of Sb^3&minus; react with protonic reagents (even water) to also produce this unstable gas:

:Na₃Sb + 3 H₂O → SbH₃ + 3 NaOH

==Properties==

The chemical properties of SbH₃ resemble those for [[arsine|AsH₃]].<ref name="Holleman">{{cite book |author1=Holleman, A. F. |author2=Wiberg, E. |title= Inorganic Chemistry |publisher= Academic Press |location= San Diego |year= 2001}}</ref> Typical for a heavy hydride (e.g. AsH₃, H₂Te, SnH₄), SbH₃ is unstable with respect to its elements. The gas decomposes slowly at room temperature but rapidly at 200&nbsp;°C:

::2 SbH₃ → 3 H₂ + 2 Sb

The decomposition is [[autocatalytic]] and can be explosive.

SbH₃ is readily [[oxidation|oxidized]] by O₂ or even air:

::2 SbH₃ + 3 O₂ → Sb₂O₃ + 3 H₂O

SbH₃ exhibits no basicity, but it can be deprotonated:

::SbH₃ + [[sodium amide|NaNH₂]] → NaSbH₂ + NH₃

The salt {{chem2|NaSbH2}} is called sodium stibinide, and contains the stibinide anion {{chem2|SbH2−}}.

==Uses==

Stibine is used in the [[semiconductor]] industry to [[doping (semiconductor)|dope]] silicon with small quantities of [[antimony]] via the process of [[chemical vapour deposition]] (CVD). It has also been used as a silicon dopant in epitaxial layers. Reports claim the use of SbH₃ as a [[fumigation|fumigant]] but its instability and awkward preparation contrast with the more conventional fumigant [[phosphine]].

==History==

As stibine (SbH₃) is similar to [[arsine]] (AsH₃); it is also detected by the [[Marsh test]]. This sensitive test detects arsine generated in the presence of [[arsenic]].<ref name="Holleman"/> This procedure, developed circa 1836 by [[James Marsh (chemist)|James Marsh]], treats a sample with arsenic-free [[zinc]] and dilute [[sulfuric acid]]: if the sample contains arsenic, gaseous arsine will form. The gas is swept into a glass tube and decomposed by means of heating around 250&nbsp;–&nbsp;300&nbsp;°C. The presence of arsenic is indicated by formation of a deposit in the heated part of the equipment. The formation of a black mirror deposit in the cool part of the equipment indicates the presence of [[antimony]].

In 1837 [[Lewis Thomson]] and [[Pfaff]] independently discovered stibine. It took some time before the properties of the toxic gas could be determined, partly because a suitable synthesis was not available. In 1876 Francis Jones tested several synthesis methods,<ref>{{cite journal |author= Francis Jones |title= On Stibine |journal= Journal of the Chemical Society |year= 1876 |volume= 29 |issue= 2 |pages= 641–650 |doi= 10.1039/JS8762900641|url= https://zenodo.org/record/2009453 }}</ref> but it was not before 1901 when [[Alfred Stock]] determined most of the properties of stibine.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alfred Stock |author2=Walther Doht |title= Die Reindarstellung des Antimonwasserstoffes |journal= Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |year= 1901 |volume= 34 |issue= 2 |pages= 2339–2344 |doi= 10.1002/cber.190103402166|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alfred Stock |author2=Oskar Guttmann |title= Ueber den Antimonwasserstoff und das gelbe Antimon |journal= Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |year= 1904 |volume= 37 |issue= 1 |pages= 885–900 |doi= 10.1002/cber.190403701148|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426094 }}</ref>

==Safety==

SbH₃ is an unstable flammable gas. It is highly toxic, with an [[LC50]] of 100 ppm in mice.

==Toxicology==

{{For|the toxicology of other antimony compounds|Antimony trioxide}}

The toxicity of stibine is distinct from that of other [[antimony]] compounds, but similar to that of [[arsine]].<ref>{{cite journal |publisher= Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS) |title= Fiche toxicologique n° 202&nbsp;: Trihydrure d'antimoine |year= 1992 |url= http://www.inrs.fr/default/dms/inrs/FicheToxicologique/TI-FT-202/ft202.pdf }}</ref> Stibine binds to the [[haemoglobin]] of red blood cells, causing them to be destroyed by the body. Most cases of stibine poisoning have been accompanied by arsine poisoning, although animal studies indicate that their toxicities are equivalent. The first signs of exposure, which can take several hours to become apparent, are [[headache]]s, [[vertigo (medical)|vertigo]], and [[nausea]], followed by the symptoms of [[hemolytic anemia]] (high levels of unconjugated [[bilirubin]]), [[hemoglobinuria]], and [[nephropathy]].

==See also==

*[[Antimony]] (Sb)

*[[Arsine]] (AsH₃)

*[[Devarda's alloy]], also used to produce arsine and stibine in the lab

*[[List of highly toxic gases]]

*[[Marsh test]], first used to analyse AsH₃ and SbH₃

*[[James Marsh (chemist)|James Marsh]], invented the Marsh test in 1836

*[[Nascent hydrogen]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0776.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0776]

*[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0568.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]

*{{cite journal |publisher= Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS) |title= Fiche toxicologique n° 202&nbsp;: Trihydrure d'antimoine |year= 1992 |url= http://www.inrs.fr/default/dms/inrs/FicheToxicologique/TI-FT-202/ft202.pdf }}

{{Antimony compounds}}

{{Hydrides by group}}

[[Category:Antimony(III) compounds]]

[[Category:Metal hydrides]]

[[Category:Pyrophoric materials]]