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Peening
[edit]History
[edit]The use of peening to improve the material properties of metals goes back to ancient times.[1] Gold was hammered to mechanically enhance helmets as far back as 2700 BC[2] and bronze was hammered to strengthen armor in Ancient Greece.[3][4] In the Middle Ages, hammering was used to strengthen and shape swords. Later applications to improve metal strength include the hammering of artillery gun barrels in the 18th century.[2] Likewise, blacksmiths typically used a ball peen hammer to shape and improve the life of carriage springs.[3]
First scientific investigations of the properties of metals were carried out in the 19th century, notably in the context of fatigue failures in railway development and the industrial revolution. Wöhler, e.g. carried out extensive work on the fatigue strength of metals subjected to cycles of stress.[5] Kirkaldy conducted experiments on the tensile strength of wrought-iron and steel and Bauschinger tested the elastic limits of iron and steel during stretching and compression.[6]
It was only in the early 20th century that surface treatments of metals began to develop into technical processing methods, with shot peening - effectively a myriad of small hammer blows[3] - coming into focus as an alternative to rolling for increasing fatigue strength.[2] In 1927, E.G. Herbert described the hardening effect of the “cloudburst” process, during which a stream of small steel balls “rained” onto a steel surface while O Föppl demonstrated the beneficial effect of cold working to increase fatigue resistance in 1929.[1]
- ^ a b Hawkinson, E.E. (1962). "Shot Peening - History". The Shot Peener.
- ^ a b c Schulze, Volker (2006). Modern Mechanical Surface Treatment. Weinheim: Wiley-Vch Verlag. pp. 1–7.
- ^ a b c Leghorn, George (1957). "The Story of Shot Peening". The Shot Peener.
- ^ https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/311835
- ^ Zenner, Harald; Hinkelmann, Karsten (2019). August Wöhler - founder of fatigue strength research. Wiley.
- ^ Timoshenko, Stephen P. (1983). History of Strength of Materials: With A Brief Account of the History of Theory of Elasticity and Theory of Structures. Courier Corporation.