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978-0-521-57600-0}}</ref> It is also believed that the ruins at [[Great Zimbabwe]] and [[Timbuktu]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/royalkingdomsofg00p...

<u>n-iger</u>ewen'' used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around [[Timbuktu]] before 19th-century [[scramble for Africa|European colonialism]].<ref>The...

[[Carlos Páez Vilaró]] was a prominent Uruguayan artist. He drew from both [[Timbuktu]] and [[Mykonos]] to create his best-known work: his home, hotel and [[atelier]]...

[[Qom]], [[Iran]] (''BWh'') * [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]] (''BWh'') * [[Timbuktu]], [[Mali]] (''BWh'') * [[Upington]], [[Northern Cape]], [[South Africa]]...

<ref name=":0" /> The most important terminals—[[Djenné]], [[Gao]], and [[Timbuktu|Timbuctu]]—grew into major commercial centres around which the great Sudanic...

medieval Mali was a centre of [[Islam]], culture and knowledge, with [[Timbuktu]] becoming a renowned place of learning with its [[University of Timbuktu|university]]...

October 2014.</ref> Sometime between 1328 and 1338 Mossi warriors raided [[Timbuktu]] but the Mossi were defeated by [[Sonni Ali]] of [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]]...

to the world. The route brought goods from [[sub-Saharan Africa]] to [[Timbuktu]], then through the desert and over the [[Atlas mountains]] to Marrakesh...

Mission]] from [[Algeria]] and the [[Voulet–Chanoine Mission]] from [[Timbuktu]]—with the aim of linking France's African possessions.<ref name="IBS093"/>...

mathematics. The [[University of Timbuktu]] was a medieval university in [[Timbuktu]], present-day Mali, which comprised three schools: the Mosque of Djinguereber...

same time caravans from [[Morocco]] brought tobacco to the areas around [[Timbuktu]] and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the plant) to southern...

Timbuktu 1300s.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Berber people|Berber]] trade with [[Timbuktu]], 1853]] === 19th century === In 1817, [[David Ricardo]], [[James Mill]]...

important trees, and they have become a [[cash crop]] in poor areas such as [[Timbuktu]], Mali<ref name=Timbuktu>[[WorldWatch Institute]]. (2007) ''[[State of...

people|Tuareg]] in Mali (early settlement near the old imperial capital of [[Timbuktu]]),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLhuMhMtE5gC&q=Berbers...

{{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Zhenjiang]], [[Jiangsu]], China : {{flagdeco|MLI}} [[Timbuktu]], Mali : {{flagdeco|ECU}} [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]], Ecuador : {{flagdeco|PER}}...

still travel along routes between [[Agadez]] and [[Bilma]] and between [[Timbuktu]] and [[Taoudenni]] carrying salt from the interior to desert-edge communities...

same time, caravans from Morocco brought tobacco to the areas around [[Timbuktu]], and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the plant) to southern...

[[Béchar]], [[Hassi Messaoud]], [[Ghardaïa]], and [[El Oued]] in Algeria; [[Timbuktu]] in Mali; [[Agadez]] in Niger; [[Ghat, Libya|Ghat]] in Libya; and [[Faya-Largeau]]...

[[trans-Saharan trade]] at the beginning of the modern era. It seized [[Timbuktu]] in 1468 and [[Djenné|Jenne]] in 1473, building the regime on trade revenues...

[[Sunni Ali]] and [[Askia Muhammad I]] between [[Kabara, Mali|Kabara]] and [[Timbuktu]] in the 15th century. These were used primarily for irrigation and transport...