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}}'''Callous and unemotional (CU) traits''' are distinguished by a persistent pattern of behavior that reflects a disregard for others, a lack of [[empathy]] and generally deficient [[affect (psychology)|affect]]. A CU specifier has been proposed for inclusion as a distinct subset of [[conduct disorder]] (CD) in the fifth revision of the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' ([[DSM-5]]);<ref name="Frick&Moffitt,2010">{{MEDRS|date=April 2012}} {{cite web |author=Frick PJ, Moffitt TE |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2010 |title=A Proposal to the DSM-V Childhood Disorders and the ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Work Groups to Include a Specifier to the Diagnosis of Conduct Disorder based on the Presence of Callous-Unemotional Traits |url=http://www.dsm5.org/Proposed%20Revision%20Attachments/Proposal%20for%20Callous%20and%20Unemotional%20Specifier%20of%20Conduct%20Disorder.pdf |format= PDF |accessdate=April 19, 2012}}</ref> a 2008 review said there had been little evidence to justify changes to the DSM-5.<ref name= Moffitt2008>{{cite journal |author=Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Jaffee SR, ''et al.'' |title=Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base |journal=J Child Psychol Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=3–33 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18181878 |pmc=2822647 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x}} </ref> The interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors may play a role in the expression of these [[Trait theory|traits]] as a conduct disorder.
}}'''Callous and unemotional (CU) traits''' are distinguished by a persistent pattern of behavior that reflects a disregard for others, a lack of [[empathy]] and generally deficient [[affect (psychology)|affect]]. A CU specifier has been proposed for inclusion as a distinct subset of [[conduct disorder]] (CD) in the fifth revision of the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' ([[DSM-5]]);<ref name="Frick&Moffitt,2010">{{MEDRS|date=April 2012}} {{cite web |author=Frick PJ, Moffitt TE |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2010 |title=A Proposal to the DSM-V Childhood Disorders and the ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Work Groups to Include a Specifier to the Diagnosis of Conduct Disorder based on the Presence of Callous-Unemotional Traits |url=http://www.dsm5.org/Proposed%20Revision%20Attachments/Proposal%20for%20Callous%20and%20Unemotional%20Specifier%20of%20Conduct%20Disorder.pdf |format= PDF |accessdate=April 19, 2012}}</ref> a 2008 review said there had been little evidence to justify changes to the DSM-5.<ref name= Moffitt2008>{{cite journal |author=Moffitt TE |title=Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base |journal=J Child Psychol Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=3–33 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18181878 |pmc=2822647 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x |author-separator=, |author2=Arseneault L |author3=Jaffee SR |display-authors=3 |last4=Kim-Cohen |first4=Julia |last5=Koenen |first5=Karestan C. |last6=Odgers |first6=Candice L. |last7=Slutske |first7=Wendy S. |last8=Viding |first8=Essi}} </ref> The interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors may play a role in the expression of these [[Trait theory|traits]] as a conduct disorder.


===Classification===
===Classification===

Revision as of 04:31, 26 April 2012

Callous and unemotional (CU) traits are distinguished by a persistent pattern of behavior that reflects a disregard for others, a lack of empathy and generally deficient affect. A CU specifier has been proposed for inclusion as a distinct subset of conduct disorder (CD) in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5);[1] a 2008 review said there had been little evidence to justify changes to the DSM-5.[2] The interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors may play a role in the expression of these traits as a conduct disorder.

Classification

The proposed addition "with significant callous-unemotional traits" to the conduct disorder diagnosis in DSM-5 is aimed at furthering the understanding of the etiology and life-course of a specific group of antisocial youth,[1] and developmental models of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits.[3] Provision of the CU specifier for CD youth could have several implications by increasing diagnostic power and understanding life-course outcomes and treatment options.[3] A 2008 review said that "reasonable rationales" had been advanced for the inclusion of this qualifier, but that better and more research was needed to justify inclusion.[2]

Symptoms

Behavioral

Children with CU traits have distinct problems in emotional and behavioral regulation that distinguish them from other antisocial youth and show more similarity to characteristics found in adult psychopathy.[non-primary source needed][4] Young adolescents with higher levels of CU traits were more likely to engage in direct and indirect forms of bullying.[non-primary source needed][5] In general, children or adolescents with CU traits exhibit more severe and instrumental displays of aggression than individuals with non CU conduct disorder.[non-primary source needed][6]

Cognitive

Antisocial youth with CU traits tend to have a range of distinctive cognitive characteristics. They are often less sensitive to punishment cues, particularly when they are already keen for a reward[non-primary source needed][7][8][9] and tend to expect more positive outcomes in aggressive situations with peers.[10] Studies also indicate that antisocial youth with CU traits do not have verbal skill deficits—a common marker of youth with conduct disorder absent CU traits.[11] In fact, CU traits tend to be positively related to intellectual skills in the verbal realm.[12] However, CU-affected children tend to have weaker non-verbal abilities.[11]

Causes

Neural mechanisms

Abnormally low cortisol levels may be a biological marker for individuals with CU traits.[13] Research has found that CU males had lower resting cortisol levels, and therefore lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis activity, compared to healthy individuals.[13] The fearlessness theory of CU traits suggests that low amounts of cortisol lead to underarousal, causing impairments in fear processing, a trait seen in CU individuals.[14] Hypoactivity in the HPA axis in combination with environmental stressors is thought to cause the development of antisocial behavior.[15] However, recent studies have found that hypoactivity in the HPA in combination with CU traits seem to cause antisocial behavior even without external hardships.[14]

FMRI research has demonstrated that decreased amygdala activation in response to fearful faces as well as distress based social cues is seen in children with CU traits.[16] Further research has demonstrated decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and regulatory regions. This includes decreased connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex when making moral judgments,[17] and decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, with symptom severity negatively correlated with connection strength.[16]

Genetic

Twin studies have found CU traits to be highly heritable, and not significantly related to environmental factors such as socioeconomic status, school quality,[unreliable medical source?][18] or parent quality.[unreliable medical source?][19] Two twin studies have suggested a significant genetic influence for CU, with an estimated average amount of variation (42.5%) in CU traits accounted for by genetic effects.[unreliable medical source?][20][21] A substantial proportion of this genetic variation occurred independent of other dimensions of psychopathy.[unreliable medical source?][20] Children with conduct problems who also exhibit high levels of CU traits reflect a particularly high heritability rate of 0.81, as reflected in longitudinal research.[unreliable medical source?][18]

Maltreatment and parenting may play a role in the development of antisocial behavior, but better research is needed to understand the interaction between genetic and epigenetic factors.[22]

Diagnosis

Research has attempted to subtype youth with callous and unemotional traits by distinguishing between those with childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset conduct disorder, conduct disorder co-morbid with ADHD, or by the severity and type of aggression displayed.[23] The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) assesses three independent factors in CU traits: uncaring, callous, and unemotional.[24] The ICU has been studied in both male and female populations.[25]

The severity of CD has been studied in children rated high on CU traits.[unreliable medical source?][26] Children are typically diagnosed with CU traits between third and seventh grade although they have been shown to remain fairly constant throughout adolescence.[6]

The addition of a CU specifier for conduct disorder has been proposed for DSM-5.[27]

Management

Though CU traits are relatively stable, they can decrease over time through effective treatment.[3] Early intervention is thought to be more effective because CU traits are thought to be more malleable early in life.[28]

Parenting techniques

Parenting interventions are the best treatment for early onset antisocial behaviors in children.[29]

Quality parenting can decrease the manifestation of CU traits.[unreliable medical source?][30] Children with high CU traits are less responsive to time-out and other punishing techniques than are healthy children as time-out does not seem to bother them, so their behavior does not improve.[unreliable medical source?][31] Reward-based disciplining techniques, such as praise and reinforcement, tend to have a greater effect than punishing techniques on children with high CU traits.[unreliable medical source?][30]

Medication and therapy

Behavioral therapy alone does not seem to reduce CU traits over time.[unreliable medical source?][32] However, people with CU traits respond just as well as those without CU traits if medication, such as methylphenidate, is combined with behavioral therapy.[32]

Multi-component treatment

Taking an approach involving multiple forms of intervention is helpful in improving CU traits and maintaining those improvements over at least a three-year period of time.[unreliable medical source?][33] Different types of intervention exist and can be combined to have a lasting effect on children high in CU traits.[unreliable medical source?][33] For a child with CU traits, cognitive behavioral therapy can be used for skills training, and medication is especially helpful for those with both CU traits and ADHD.[32] Parent training can help parents learn how to best discipline children with CU traits.[unreliable medical source?][31] Group forms of intervention, including parent-child/family therapy and school programming/teacher consultation, can also be successful.[33] To improve social skills and the social interactions of those with CU, possible treatments include peer relations/community activities development and crisis management on a case-by-case basis.[33]

Prognosis

Childhood-onset CU shows a more aggressive and stable pattern of antisocial behavior with higher rates of CU traits, as well as more severe temperamental and neuropsychological risk factors relative to their adolescent-onset counterparts.[34] Children with combined CD and ADHD are more likely to show features associated with psychopathy, but only in those who have high rates of CU traits.[35] In support of the idea of lifetime persistence of CU traits, childhood-onset delinquency has been more strongly associated with psychopathic traits than adolescent-onset delinquency.[36] A longitudinal twin study of children with CD showed that high or increasing levels of CU traits comorbid with CD presented with the most negative outcomes after twelve years in relationships with peers and family, as well as emotional and behavioral problems, as compared to those with low CU traits or CD alone.[37] In addition, adolescents with CU traits have shown higher likelihood to commit a violent crime within a two year period of their release from a correctional facility than those without CU traits.[38] Crimes committed by individuals with CU traits are more likely to be premeditated,[4] and antisocial youth with CU traits tend to show less response to treatment.[39]

History

Due to the potential severity of antisocial and violent traits seen in adult psychopathy, research has focused on identifying the associated traits in childhood. In adult psychopathy, individuals with primarily affective and interpersonal deficits show a distinct etiology[40] compared to individuals with antisocial, affective and interpersonal traits.[unreliable medical source?][41] Similarly, different subtypes of aggressive and antisocial behaviors in youth may predict distinct problem-behaviors and risk factors.[1] There have been a number of attempts to officially designate psychopathic-like traits in antisocial youths based on the affective and interpersonal traits of psychopathy. The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III) divided conduct disorder into four subtypes: unsocialized-aggressive, undersocialized-nonaggressive, socialized-aggressive, and socialized-onaggressive in an attempt to recognize the existence of psychopathic traits in children.[35] The distinction between "socialized" and "unsocialized" children was the most pertinent in distinguishing between psychopathic-like youths. According to these definitions, "undersocialized" children exhibited characteristic behaviors of psychopathy, including: lack of empathy, lack of affection, and inappropriate social relationships (DSM III). This differed from "socialized" individuals, who were able to form healthy social attachments to others, and whose aggressive and antisocial acts typically derived from engagement in a deviant social group (e.g. youth gangs).[1]

Following the publication of DSM-III, these distinctions prompted research, but there were still issues with the terminology in diagnosing the core features of the undersocialized versus socialized subtype.[1] The word undersocialized was used in order to avoid the negative connotations of psychopathy, but was commonly misinterpreted to mean that the child was not well socialized by parents or lacked a peer group.[1] Also, the operational definition failed to include dimensions that could reliably predict the affective and interpersonal deficits in psychopathic-like youths.[1] Due to these issues, the American Psychiatric Association removed the undersocialized and socialized distinctions from the conduct disorder description in the DSM after the third edition. The only subtypes that have been included in the manual since then relate to the time of onset: childhood-onset (before age 10), adolescent-onset (absence of antisocial traits before age 10), and unspecified-onset.[1][34]

References

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  2. ^ a b Moffitt TE; Arseneault L; Jaffee SR; et al. (2008). "Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base". J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 49 (1): 3–33. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x. PMC 2822647. PMID 18181878. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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