Decoupling capacitor: Difference between revisions
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Since capacitors differ in their high-frequency characteristics (and capacitors with good high-frequency properties are often types with small capacity, while large capacitors usually have worse high-frequency response), decoupling often involves the use of a combination of capacitors. For example in logic circuits, a common arrangement is ~100 nF ceramic per logic IC (multiple ones for complex ICs), combined with [[Electrolytic capacitor|electrolytic]] or [[tantalum capacitor]](s) up to a few hundred μF per board or board section. |
Since capacitors differ in their high-frequency characteristics (and capacitors with good high-frequency properties are often types with small capacity, while large capacitors usually have worse high-frequency response), decoupling often involves the use of a combination of capacitors. For example in logic circuits, a common arrangement is ~100 nF ceramic per logic IC (multiple ones for complex ICs), combined with [[Electrolytic capacitor|electrolytic]] or [[tantalum capacitor]](s) up to a few hundred μF per board or board section. |
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==Examples== |
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[[File:Suppressed back EMF with a bypass filter.jpg|thumb|''Fig. 1'' – Suppressed back EMF with bypass capacitor.]][[File:Back EMF with bypass filter.jpg|thumb|''Fig. 2'' – Failed suppression of back EMF.]]Here are two dynamic illustrations, [[Electronic circuit simulation|simulated]] in [[LTspice|LTSpice]], of how a bypass capacitor<ref>[http://www.seattlerobotics.org/encoder/jun97/basics.html The Basics – Bypass Capacitors]</ref> may or may not suppress [[Counter-electromotive_force|back EMF]] generated by an [[inductor]].<ref>[https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-15/magnetic-fields-and-inductance/ Magnetic Fields and Inductance] – Chapter 15 – Inductors</ref> |
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[[Micro-Cap]] describes ideal capacitors as being similar to ''shock absorbers''.<ref>[https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BPprhGFvExw/WUekUAsk2bI/AAAAAAAAFn0/nKYARDedRBYt02BCwBwLXGAIi7glcKs5ACPcBGAYYCw/s1600/convergence%2Bproblems.jpg Micro Cap, v.11, help file] – Screen shot of search results for ''convergence''.</ref> This capacitor, of 10 Farads, is labeled '''C1''' in ''Fig. 1''. Its oscilloscope trace is in yellow and labeled '''V(1)''' in the uppermost pane of ''Fig. 1''. |
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The 0.01 pico Farad capacitor, labeled '''C1''' in ''Fig. 2'', actually ''enhances'' back EMF. This is similar to a [[Damping_ratio|damped]] [[Vibrations_of_a_circular_membrane|diaphragm]] discharging an incoming impulse in ''both directions'' <u>only once</u> from ''both sides'' of the dielectric. This shows up as Giga volt discharges above and below the oscilloscope's baseline of zero volts in the uppermost pane of ''Fig. 2'' labeled '''V(1)''' and traced in yellow. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 02:41, 1 January 2018
A decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to decouple one part of an electrical network (circuit) from another. Noise caused by other circuit elements is shunted through the capacitor, reducing the effect it has on the rest of the circuit. An alternative name is bypass capacitor as it is used to bypass the power supply or other high impedance component of a circuit.
Discussion
Active devices of an electronic system (transistors, ICs, vacuum tubes, for example) are connected to their power supplies through conductors with finite resistance and inductance. If the current drawn by an active device changes, voltage drops from power supply to device will also change due to these impedances. If several active devices share a common path to the power supply, changes in the current drawn by one element may produce voltage changes large enough to affect the operation of others - voltage spikes or ground bounce, for example - so the change of state of one device is coupled to others through the common impedance to the power supply. A decoupling capacitor provides a bypass path for transient currents, instead of flowing through the common impedance. [1]
The decoupling capacitor works as the device’s local energy storage. The capacitor is placed between power line and ground to the circuit that current is to be provided. According to capacitor equation, i(t) = CdV(t)/dt, voltage drop between power line and ground results in current draw out from the capacitor to the circuit and when capacitance C is large enough, sufficient current is supplied with acceptable range of voltage drop. To reduce the effective series inductance, small and large capacitors are usually placed in parallel; many small capacitors may be adjacent to individual integrated circuits. The capacitor stores a small amount of energy that can compensate for the voltage drop in the power supply conductors to the capacitor.
In digital circuits, decoupling capacitors also help prevent radiation of electromagnetic interference due to rapidly changing power supply currents.
Decoupling capacitors alone may not suffice in such cases as a high-power amplifier stage with a low-level pre-amplifer coupled to it. Care must be taken in layout of circuit conductors that heavy current of one stage do not produce power supply voltage drops that affect other stages. The may require re-routing printed circuit board traces to segregate circuits, or the use of a ground plane to improve stability of power supply.
Decoupling
One common kind of decoupling is to protect a powered circuit from signals in the power supply. Sometimes, for various reasons, a power supply supplies an AC signal superimposed on the DC power line. Such a signal is often undesirable in the powered circuit. A decoupling capacitor can prevent the powered circuit from seeing that signal, thus decoupling it from that aspect of the power supply circuit.
To decouple a subcircuit from AC signals or voltage spikes on a power supply or other line, a bypass capacitor is often used. A bypass capacitor can shunt energy from those signals, or transients, past the subcircuit to be decoupled, right to the return path. For a power supply line, a bypass capacitor from the supply voltage line to the power supply return (neutral) would be used.
High frequencies and transient currents can flow through a capacitor to circuit ground instead of to the harder path of the decoupled circuit, but DC cannot go through the capacitor and continues on to the decoupled circuit.
Another kind of decoupling is stopping a portion of a circuit from being affected by switching that occurs in another portion of the circuit. Switching in subcircuit A may cause fluctuations in the power supply or other electrical lines, but you do not want subcircuit B, which has nothing to do with that switching, to be affected. A decoupling capacitor can decouple subcircuits A and B so that B doesn't see any effects of the switching.
Switching subcircuits
In a switching subcircuit, switching noise must be suppressed. When a load is applied to a voltage source, it draws a certain amount of current. Typical power supply lines show inherent inductance, which results in a slower response to change in current. This in turn affects the transient voltage levels, since if the load current is zero the voltage across the load is zero as well. This sudden voltage drop would be seen by other loads as well if the inductance between two loads is much lower compared to the inductance between the loads and the output capacitors of the power supply. This is only temporary; the inductor ultimately saturates (that is the magnetic field around the conductor reaches its max), the voltage drop across the inductor reaches zero, and the supply voltage comes back to normal. But even a temporary reduction in voltage can disturb adjacent subcircuits. Decoupling caps provide instantaneous current jolt which helps maintain constant voltage across a subcircuit (or provide a low impedance path for the transient currents; different descriptions are used by different industries).
To decouple other subcircuits from the effect of the sudden current demand, a decoupling capacitor can be placed between the supply voltage line and its reference (ground) next to the switched load. While the load is switched out, the capacitor charges up to full power supply voltage and otherwise does nothing. When the load is applied, the capacitor initially supplies demanded current. Ideally, by the time the capacitor runs out of charge, the power supply line inductance is saturated, and the load can draw full current at normal voltage from the power supply (and the capacitor can recharge too). Note that the voltage dip is reduced but not eliminated; i.e., the decoupling is not perfect and sometimes parallel combinations of caps are used to improve response. The best way to reduce switching noise is to design a PCB as a giant capacitor by sandwiching the power and ground planes across a dielectric material.
The size of the capacitor must be reasonable, and there is a tradeoff between capacitor size and signal quality at a given frequency. If a cap is too large it would distort the signal by charging too slowly and filtering out the signal's most needed high-frequency components.
Transient load decoupling
Transient load decoupling as described above is needed when there is a large load that gets switched quickly. The parasitic inductance in every (decoupling) capacitor may limit the suitable capacity and influence appropriate type if switching occurs very fast.
Logic circuits tend to do sudden switching (an ideal logic circuit would switch from low voltage to high voltage instantaneously, with no middle voltage ever observable). So logic circuit boards often have a decoupling capacitor close to each logic IC connected from each power supply connection to a nearby ground. These capacitors decouple every IC from every other IC in terms of supply voltage dips.
These capacitors are often placed at each power source as well as at each analog component in order to ensure that the supplies are as steady as possible. Otherwise, an analog component with poor power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) will copy fluctuations in the power supply onto its output.
In these applications, the decoupling capacitors are often called bypass capacitors to indicate that they provide an alternate path for high-frequency signals that would otherwise cause the normally steady supply voltage to change. Those components that require quick injections of current can bypass the power supply by receiving the current from the nearby capacitor. Hence, the slower power supply connection is used to charge these capacitors, and the capacitors actually provide the large quantities of high-availability current.
Placement
A transient load decoupling capacitor is placed as close as possible to the device requiring the decoupled signal. This minimizes the amount of line inductance and series resistance between the decoupling capacitor and the device. The longer the conductor between the capacitor and the device, the more inductance is present.[2]
Since capacitors differ in their high-frequency characteristics (and capacitors with good high-frequency properties are often types with small capacity, while large capacitors usually have worse high-frequency response), decoupling often involves the use of a combination of capacitors. For example in logic circuits, a common arrangement is ~100 nF ceramic per logic IC (multiple ones for complex ICs), combined with electrolytic or tantalum capacitor(s) up to a few hundred μF per board or board section.
See also
References
- ^ Don Lancaster, TTL Cookbook', Howard W. Sams, 1975, no ISBN, pp.23-24
- ^ Capacitor Design Data, and Decoupling Placement, How-to on Leroy's Engineering Web Site
External links
- ESR and Bypass Capacitor Self Resonant Behavior: How to Select Bypass Caps – article written by Douglas Brooks
- Decoupling – decoupling guide for various frequencies by Henry W. Ott
- Bypass Capacitors, an Interview With Todd Hubing – by Douglas Brooks, President, UltraCAD Design, Inc.
- Choosing and Using Bypass Capacitors – application note from Intersil
- Power Supply Noise Reduction – how to design effective supply bypassing and decoupling networks by Ken Kundert
- Circuit Board Decoupling Information – decoupling guidelines for various types of circuit boards
- Active Decoupling Capacitor – Circuit allowing reduce volume of high voltage electrolytic capacitors
- Minimizing Crosstalk in Wiring and Cabling – presentation by Richard J. Mohr at the IEEE Long Island EMC Section Meeting
- Basic Principles of Signal Integrity – Altera whitepaper