Euwallacea validus
 | This template is not to be used in article space. This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution. If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
Euwallacea Validus
Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff 1875) is a species of Euwallacea beetles native to Asia. The beetle species was discovered in Long Island, New York in 1975.[1] Like other Euwallacea species beetles, E.validus is known for its mutualistic symbiotic relationship with fungi, acting as a vector for Fusarium oligoseptatum and Raffaelea subfusca, often using Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) as a preferred host.
Out of the five confirmed species of Euwallacea spp. in the United States, E. validus is the most widespread and longest established, yet much about their second fungal partner, Raffaelea subfusca, is not known.[2]
Taxonomy
E. validus belongs to the Ambrosia Fusarium clade (AFC), these beetles have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with respective fungi.[2] As of 2018, only 3 of the 16 species within the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade have been described formally.[3][4][5] Speciation of E. validus is a result of respective fungal associations and their potential for economic damage.[1] Given their similar appearance to Euwallacea interjectus, proper identification of the two species has gained research attraction.[1]
Euwallacea Interjectus
Euwallacea interjectus, the sister species of E. validus, are often identified for E. validus (and vice versa), given their almost identical appearance.[1] E. interjectus and E. validus were introduced to the United States around the same time in the late 1900s.[1] Both species have overlapping habitats in the United States, mostly in Georgia and South Carolina, leading to frequent misidentification.[1] The discovery of E. interjectus in Florida (2011) and Texas (2011), prompted investigation into E. validus.[1] E. interjectus infestation on their variety of plant hosts has a global impact. Their plant hosts are critical to the lumber and "manufacturing of reconstituted board products."[6]
Both species are morphologically similar, varying in slight manners.[1] Morphologically, E. interjectus and E. validus can be differentiated by slight differences in the shape of declivity, punctures, and placement of tubercles on the body of the species.[1] The two vary by fungal association, host species, and morphology.[1] With the help of DNA sequencing, proper identification between the two species has become easier.[1]
Description
An adult E. validus can range from 3.9 to 4.1 mm in length, with an average of 4.0 mm. The species ranges in width from 2.5 to 2.73 mm.[7] Similar to E. interjectus, the beetles range from dark brown to black.[8] E. validus and the Euwallacea species are known for their pronotum, a "plate-like structure that covers the thorax, and spindles that are present all over the body.”[1] Moreover, given that sexual dimorphism is present, males are significantly smaller than females. Females play a major role in the distribution of fungi, and males are reduced in size.[9] Females distribute the fungi in mycangia, a structure that enables the beetle to store fungi, which are present in females and rarely in males.[9]
Compared to E. interjectus, “the declivity is steeply sloped from the base to the apex, punctures of the declivity striae are deep giving the declivity a rugged appearance, and the tubercles are mostly absent from the apical half of the second interstriae" in E. validus.[1]
Distribution and Habitat
E. validus originated from Asia, as a descendant of other Asian Ambrosia beetles.[1] The species can be primarily found in Asia. They are present in China, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam, the Philippines, Japan, and Korea.[7] Moreover, the species expanded from Asia and was first observed in the United States in 1975.[7] Since then, the North American presence has been amplified.[1] The species has expanded to Canada and all over the United States.[8]
Presence in the United States of America
E. validus was first discovered in Nassau County, New York in 1975 and was “collected multiple times from widely separated localities and is assumed to have spread throughout the eastern United States.”[1] It was believed that the species entered the United States at “many ports of entry in wooden packing crates from Japan.”[1] Eventually moved south, being seen in Pennsylvania in 1980 and Louisiana in 1984.[1][7] The discovery of E.interjectus in Florida and Texas in 2011 was the catalyst for research in E.validus to understand the distribution of E. interjectus and E.validus properly.[1]
As of 2014, the distribution of this species includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey (1996), Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia (1991), North Carolina (2011), Kentucky (2012), Michigan (2006), Georgia (2012) and Tennessee (2010).[1][10][2] However, past habitat distribution in the South may not be accurate, given E. interjectus habit distribution, and additional research is needed to confirm E. validus distribution in the United States.[1]
Life Cycle
E. validus life cycle has not been extensively studied, however, some research has provided insight into the life cycle and development process of the species. Euwallacea species reproduce via haplodiploid sibling mating.[11] “Diploid females selectively fertilize eggs to generate female offspring. Then, unfertilized haploid eggs develop into male progeny, and then males mate with their siblings within the gallery."[9]
E. validus females are critical in the symbiosis with F. oligoseptaum and Raffaelea subfusca by dispersing the fungi between host trees.[9] Given the role that females play as a vector, the species exhibits sexual dimorphism.[12] Males are reduced in size, having smaller wings, mandibles, and are flightless.[12] Given their reduced musculature, suggesting a similar reduction in chewing strength, their role in the gallery is reproduction and potential fungal maintenance.[12][9]
Like other Euwallacea species, E. validus develops from a larva to the early pupa and then to the late pupa.[12] Sexual dimorphism can be seen in the early stages of pupa development.[12] Research has shown the development of both superior mycanngia and inferior structures in the late pupal stages of females.[12] “In the early pupal stages, paired structures with a weak contrast is an equivalent space where the superior mycanngia develop in the late pupae and adults, suggesting mycangia start developing after population.”[12]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Cognato, Anthony I.; Hoebeke, E. Richard; Kajimura, Hisashi; Smith, Sarah M. (2015-06). "History of the Exotic Ambrosia Beetles Euwallacea interjectus and Euwallacea validus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Xyleborini) in the United States". Journal of Economic Entomology. 108 (3): 1129–1135. doi:10.1093/jee/tov073. ISSN 1938-291X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Berger, Matthew C. Interactions between Euwallacea Ambrosia Beetles, Their Fungal Symbionts and the Native Trees They Attack in the Eastern United States (Thesis). West Virginia University Libraries.
- ^ Kasson, Matthew T.; O’Donnell, Kerry; Rooney, Alejandro P.; Sink, Stacy; Ploetz, Randy C.; Ploetz, Jill N.; Konkol, Joshua L.; Carrillo, Daniel; Freeman, Stanley; Mendel, Zvi; Smith, Jason A.; Black, Adam W.; Hulcr, Jiri; Bateman, Craig; Stefkova, Kristyna (2013-07). "An inordinate fondness for Fusarium: Phylogenetic diversity of fusaria cultivated by ambrosia beetles in the genus Euwallacea on avocado and other plant hosts". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 56: 147–157. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2013.04.004.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ O’Donnell, Kerry; Sink, Stacy; Libeskind-Hadas, Ran; Hulcr, Jiri; Kasson, Matthew T.; Ploetz, Randy C.; Konkol, Joshua L.; Ploetz, Jill N.; Carrillo, Daniel; Campbell, Alina; Duncan, Rita E.; Liyanage, Pradeepa N. H.; Eskalen, Akif; Na, Francis; Geiser, David M. (2015-09-01). "Discordant phylogenies suggest repeated host shifts in the Fusarium–Euwallacea ambrosia beetle mutualism". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 82: 277–290. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.014. ISSN 1087-1845.
- ^ Aoki, T.; Kasson, M.T.; Berger, M.C.; Freeman, S.; Geiser, D.M.; O'Donnell, K. (2018-06-01). "Fusarium oligoseptatum sp. nov., a mycosymbiont of the ambrosia beetle Euwallacea validus in the Eastern U.S. and typification of F. ambrosium". Fungal Systematics and Evolution. 1 (1): 23–39. doi:10.3114/fuse.2018.01.03. ISSN 2589-3823. PMC 7259240. PMID 32490361.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ "A Newly Detected Exotic Ambrosia Beetle in Argentina: Euwallacea interjectus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)". Florida Entomologist. 102 (1): 240. 2019-04-11. doi:10.1653/024.102.0141. ISSN 0015-4040.
- ^ a b c d "On the taxonomic status of Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera)". The Great Basin naturalist. 33: 77–90. 1973. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.28150. ISSN 0017-3614.
- ^ a b "Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of , Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff 1875) (introduced)". www.barkbeetles.info. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
- ^ a b c d e Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Biedermann, Peter H.W.; Jordal, Bjarte H. (2015), "Evolution and Diversity of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles", Bark Beetles, Elsevier, pp. 85–156, ISBN 978-0-12-417156-5, retrieved 2024-04-02
- ^ Rabaglia, Robert J.; Dole, Stephanie A.; Cognato, Anthony I. (2006-11-01). "Review of American Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Occurring North of Mexico, with an Illustrated Key". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (6): 1034–1056. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[1034:roaxcc]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0013-8746.
- ^ Jordal, Bjarte H.; Beaver, Roger A.; Kirkendall, Lawrence R. (2001-07). "Breaking taboos in the tropics: incest promotes colonization by wood‐boring beetles". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 10 (4): 345–357. doi:10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00242.x. ISSN 1466-822X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Spahr, Ellie; Kasson, Matt T.; Kijimoto, Teiya (2020-09-21). "Micro-computed tomography permits enhanced visualization of mycangia across development and between sexes in Euwallacea ambrosia beetles". PLOS ONE. 15 (9): e0236653. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236653. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7505430. PMID 32956411.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)