Herbert E. Ives: Difference between revisions

Herbert Eugene Ives
Herbert Eugene Ives
	Ives circa 1913
Born	July 21, 1882; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Died	November 13, 1953
Education	University of Pennsylvania
Occupation	Engineer
	Engineering career
Projects	facsimile; videotelephony; television
Awards	Edward Longstreth Medal (1907, 1915 and 1919); Frederic Ives Medal (1937); Medal for Merit (1948)

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Herbert Eugene Ives (July 21, 1882 – November 13, 1953) was a scientist and engineer who headed the development of facsimile and television systems at AT&T in the first half of the twentieth century. He was also a critic of the special theory of relativity, and attempted to disprove the theory by means of logical arguments and experiments. He is best known for the Ives–Stilwell experiment, which provided direct confirmation of special relativity's time dilation factor, although Ives himself interpreted the result as a refutation of special relativity.

Biography

Ives studied at the University of Pennsylvania and the Johns Hopkins University, where he graduated in 1908. He wrote a 1920 book on aerial photography, while an Army reserve officer, in the aviation section.^[1] Ives was also an avid coin collector, and was President of the American Numismatic Society. He was president of the Optical Society of America from 1924 to 1925.^[2]

Like his father Frederic Eugene Ives, Herbert was an expert on color photography. In 1924, he transmitted and reconstructed the first color facsimile, using color separations. In 1927, he demonstrated 185-line long-distance television, transmitting the live video images of then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover via AT&T's experimental station 3XN in Whippany, New Jersey, allowing media reporters to both see and communicate with Hoover.

By 1930, his two-way television-telephone system (called an ikonophone —Greek: 'image-sound' ) was in regular experimental use,^[3]^[4] with Bell Labs' large New York City research facility devoting years of research and development through the 1930s, led by Dr. Ives with his team of more than 200 scientists, engineers and technicians. Bell Labs intended to develop videotelephony and television for both telecommunications and broadcast entertainment purposes.^[5] Ongoing research into combined audio and video telephones was extended by Bell Labs far past Ives' tenure at a cost of over US$500 million, eventually resulting in the deployment of AT&T's futuristic Picturephone.^[6]

Ives is best known for conducting the Ives–Stilwell experiment,^[7] which provided direct confirmation of special relativity's time dilation. However, Ives himself regarded his experiment as a proof of the existence of the ether and hence, as he erroneously suggested, a disproof of the theory of relativity. He was discouraged by the reaction of the scientific community that had interpreted his experiment in the way opposite to his expectations.

He then published a set of articles,^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] in which he claimed to disprove special relativity by means of logical arguments. In 1952, he also claimed that Einstein's derivation of mass-energy equivalence was flawed, and that Einstein had not been the first to arrive at the famous equation E = mc^2.^[12] This paradoxical aspect of Ives's work was described by his friend, the noted physicist H. P. Robertson, who contributed the following summary of Ives's attitude toward special relativity in a biography of Ives:

"Ives' work in the basic optical field presents a rather curious anomaly, for although he considered that it disproved the special theory of relativity, the fact is that his experimental work offers one of the most valuable supports for this theory, and his numerous theoretical investigations are quite consistent with it… his deductions were in fact valid, but his conclusions were only superficially in contradiction with the relativity theory—their intricacy and formidable appearance were due entirely to Ives' insistence on maintaining an aether framework and mode of expression. I... was never able to convince him that since what he had was in fact indistinguishable in its predictions from the relativity theory within the domain of physics, it was in fact the same theory... some who have not penetrated to the essence of Ives' theoretical work have seized upon it as overthrowing the special theory of relativity, and have used it as an argument for a return to outmoded and invalid ways of thought."

Awards and honors

Ives received three times the Edward Longstreth Medal from the Franklin Institute: in 1907, 1915 and 1919.^[13]
He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal from the Optical Society of America in 1937.^[14]
U. S. President Harry Truman awarded Ives the Medal for Merit in 1948 for his war-time work on blackout lighting and optical communication systems.^[15]

References

^ Herbert E. Ives, Airplane Photography, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1920.
^ "Past Presidents of the Optical Society of America". Optical Society of America.
^ D.N. Carson. "The Evolution of Picturephone Service", Bell Laboratories Record, Bell Labs, October 1968, pp.282-291.
^ Washington Hails The Test: Operator There Puts Through the Calls as Scientists Watch, The New York Time, April 8, 1927, pg.20 (subscription)
^ Herbert E. Ives, BairdTelevision.com website. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ Videophone Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved April 13, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online;
^ H.E.Ives, G.R.Stilwell, An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 28, 7, 215-226 (1938).
^ H.E.Ives, Historical note on the rate of moving atomic clock, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 37, 10, 810-813 (1947).
^ H.E.Ives, The measurement of the velocity of light by signals sent in one direction, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 38, 10, 879-884 (1948).
^ H.E.Ives, Lorentz-type transformations as derived from performable rod and clock operations, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 39, 9, 757-761 (1949).
^ H.E.Ives, Extrapolation from Michelson-Morley experiment, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 40, 4, 185-191 (1950).
^ See Fadner, W Did Einstein really discover E = Mc^2? Am. J. Physics 1988 [1]
^ "Franklin Laureate Database - Edward Longstreth Medals for Herbert E. Ives". Franklin Institute. Retrieved November 16, 2011 (2011-11-16). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ Frederic Ives Medal / Quinn Prize, website of The Optical Society (formerly Optical Society of America, OSA). Retrieved August 17, 2011.
^ Dean Turner and Richard Hazelett, eds., The Einstein Myth and the Ives Papers: A Counter-Revolution in Physics, Pasadena: Hope Publishing (1979).

External links

AT&T history with photos
More television history and photos
Even more television history
Partial bibliography
Ives papers at the Smithsonian
Quotes
Articles Published by early OSA Presidents Journal of the Optical Society of America
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

Template:Persondata

[1] Herbert E. Ives, Airplane Photography, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1920.

[2] "Past Presidents of the Optical Society of America". Optical Society of America.

[Carson-3] D.N. Carson. "The Evolution of Picturephone Service", Bell Laboratories Record, Bell Labs, October 1968, pp.282-291.

[NYT19270408a-4] Washington Hails The Test: Operator There Puts Through the Calls as Scientists Watch, The New York Time, April 8, 1927, pg.20 (subscription)

[5] Herbert E. Ives, BairdTelevision.com website. Retrieved 22 October 2010.

[EB-6] Videophone Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved April 13, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online;

[7] H.E.Ives, G.R.Stilwell, An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 28, 7, 215-226 (1938).

[8] H.E.Ives, Historical note on the rate of moving atomic clock, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 37, 10, 810-813 (1947).

[9] H.E.Ives, The measurement of the velocity of light by signals sent in one direction, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 38, 10, 879-884 (1948).

[10] H.E.Ives, Lorentz-type transformations as derived from performable rod and clock operations, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 39, 9, 757-761 (1949).

[11] H.E.Ives, Extrapolation from Michelson-Morley experiment, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 40, 4, 185-191 (1950).

[12] See Fadner, W Did Einstein really discover E = Mc^2? Am. J. Physics 1988 [1]

[LongstrethMedal_Laureates-13] "Franklin Laureate Database - Edward Longstreth Medals for Herbert E. Ives". Franklin Institute. Retrieved November 16, 2011 (2011-11-16). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[14] Frederic Ives Medal / Quinn Prize, website of The Optical Society (formerly Optical Society of America, OSA). Retrieved August 17, 2011.

[papers-15] Dean Turner and Richard Hazelett, eds., The Einstein Myth and the Ives Papers: A Counter-Revolution in Physics, Pasadena: Hope Publishing (1979).

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@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 }}
-'''Herbert Eugene Ives''' (July 21, 1882 – November 13, 1953) was a scientist and engineer who headed the development of [[fax|facsimile]] and [[television]] systems at [[AT&T]] in the first half of the twentieth century. He is best known for the [[Ives–Stilwell experiment]], which provided direct confirmation of special relativity's [[time dilation]].
+'''Herbert Eugene Ives''' (July 21, 1882 – November 13, 1953) was a scientist and engineer who headed the development of [[fax|facsimile]] and [[television]] systems at [[AT&T]] in the first half of the twentieth century. He was also a critic of the special theory of relativity, and attempted to disprove the theory by means of logical arguments and experiments. He is best known for the [[Ives–Stilwell experiment]], which provided direct confirmation of special relativity's [[time dilation]] factor, although Ives himself interpreted the result as a refutation of special relativity.
 == Biography ==
-Ives studied at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and the [[Johns Hopkins University]], where he graduated in 1908.  He wrote a 1920 book on [[aerial photography]], while an Army reserve officer, in the aviation section.<ref>Herbert E. Ives, ''Airplane Photography'', Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1920.</ref> Ives was also an avid coin collector, and becoming President of the [[American Numismatic Society]]. He additionally became President of the [[Optical Society|Optical Society of America]] from 1924 to 1925.<ref>
+Ives studied at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and the [[Johns Hopkins University]], where he graduated in 1908.  He wrote a 1920 book on [[aerial photography]], while an Army reserve officer, in the aviation section.<ref>Herbert E. Ives, ''Airplane Photography'', Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1920.</ref> Ives was also an avid coin collector, and was President of the [[American Numismatic Society]]. He was president of the [[Optical Society|Optical Society of America]] from 1924 to 1925.<ref>
   {{cite news | author =
  | title = Past Presidents of the Optical Society of America
  | publisher = Optical Society of America | date =
- | url = http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/leadership/pastpresidents/default.aspx }}
+ | url = http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/leadership/pastpresidents/default.aspx }}</ref>
-</ref>  At the [[Bell Labs]] he became its Director of Electro-Optical Research.<ref name="Bell Telephone Quarterly Vol XI-1932.04.p.78">
-[http://archive.org/details/belltelephonemag11amerrich Contributors To This Issue] in ''Bell Labs Quarterly'', April 1932, Vol. 11, p. 78.</ref>
 Like his father [[Frederic Eugene Ives]], Herbert was an expert on [[color photography]]. In 1924, he transmitted and reconstructed the first color facsimile, using [[color separation]]s. In 1927, he demonstrated 185-line long-distance television, transmitting the live [[video]] images of then-Secretary of Commerce [[Herbert Hoover]] via [[AT&T]]'s experimental station 3XN in [[Whippany, New Jersey]], allowing media reporters to both see and communicate with Hoover.
-By 1930, his [[videophone|two-way television-telephone]] system (called an ''ikonophone'' —Greek:'' 'image-sound' '') was in regular experimental use,<ref name="Carson">D.N. Carson. "The Evolution of Picturephone Service", Bell Laboratories Record, Bell Labs, October 1968, pp.282-291.</ref><ref name="NYT19270408a">[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20A17F73F5F147A93CAA9178FD85F438285F9 Washington Hails The Test: Operator There Puts Through the Calls as Scientists Watch], The New York Time, April 8, 1927, pg.20 (subscription)</ref> with [[Bell Labs|Bell Labs']] large [[Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)|New York City research facility]] devoting years of research and development through the 1930s, led by Dr. Ives with his team of more than 200 scientists, engineers and technicians. Bell Labs intended to develop [[videotelephony]] and [[television]] for both telecommunications and broadcast entertainment purposes.<ref>
+By 1930, his [[videophone|two-way television-telephone]] system (called an ''ikonophone'' —Greek:'' 'image-sound' '') was in regular experimental use,<ref name="Carson">D.N. Carson. "The Evolution of Picturephone Service", Bell Laboratories Record, Bell Labs, October 1968, pp.282-291.</ref><ref name="NYT19270408a">[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20A17F73F5F147A93CAA9178FD85F438285F9 Washington Hails The Test: Operator There Puts Through the Calls as Scientists Watch], The New York Time, April 8, 1927, pg.20 (subscription)</ref> with [[Bell Labs|Bell Labs']] large [[Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)|New York City research facility]] devoting years of research and development through the 1930s, led by Dr. Ives with his team of more than 200 scientists, engineers and technicians. Bell Labs intended to develop [[videotelephony]] and [[television]] for both telecommunications and broadcast entertainment purposes.<ref>[http://www.bairdtelevision.com/Ives.html Herbert E. Ives], BairdTelevision.com website. Retrieved 22 October 2010.</ref> Ongoing research into combined audio and video telephones was extended by Bell Labs far past Ives' tenure at a cost of over US$500 million, eventually resulting in the deployment of AT&T's futuristic [[Videophone#AT&T Picturephone|Picturephone]].<ref name="EB">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627947/videophone Videophone] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', retrieved April 13, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online;</ref>
+Ives is best known for conducting the [[Ives–Stilwell experiment]],<ref>H.E.Ives, G.R.Stilwell, An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 28, 7, 215-226 (1938).</ref> which provided direct confirmation of special relativity's [[time dilation]]. However, Ives himself regarded his experiment as a proof of the existence of the [[Luminiferous aether|ether]] and hence, as he erroneously suggested, a disproof of the [[theory of relativity]]. He was discouraged by the reaction of the scientific community that had interpreted his experiment in the way opposite to his expectations.
-[http://www.bairdtelevision.com/Ives.html Herbert E. Ives], BairdTelevision.com website. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
+He then published a set of articles,<ref>H.E.Ives, Historical note on the rate of moving atomic clock, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 37, 10, 810-813 (1947).</ref><ref>H.E.Ives, The measurement of the velocity of light by signals sent in one direction, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 38, 10, 879-884 (1948).</ref><ref>H.E.Ives, Lorentz-type transformations as derived from performable rod and clock operations, The Journal of Optical Society of America, 39, 9, 757-761 (1949).</ref><ref>H.E.Ives, Extrapolation from Michelson-Morley experiment, ''The Journal of Optical Society of America'', 40, 4, 185-191 (1950).</ref> in which he claimed to disprove special relativity by means of logical arguments. In 1952, he also claimed that Einstein's derivation of [[mass-energy equivalence]] was flawed, and that Einstein had not been the first to arrive at the famous equation E = mc^2.<ref>See Fadner, W ''Did Einstein really discover E = Mc^2? '' Am. J. Physics 1988 [http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v56/i2/p114_s1?isAuthorized=no]</ref> This paradoxical aspect of Ives's work was described by his friend, the noted physicist [[Howard Percy Robertson|H. P. Robertson]], who contributed the following summary of Ives's attitude toward [[special relativity]] in a biography of Ives:
-</ref> Ongoing research into combined audio and video telephones was extended by Bell Labs far past Ives' tenure at a cost of over US$500 million, eventually resulting in the deployment of AT&T's futuristic [[Videophone#AT&T Picturephone|Picturephone]].<ref name="EB">
+:''"Ives' work in the basic optical field presents a rather curious anomaly, for although he considered that it disproved the special theory of relativity, the fact is that his experimental work offers one of the most valuable supports for this theory, and his numerous theoretical investigations are quite consistent with it…  his deductions were in fact valid, but his conclusions were only superficially in contradiction with the relativity theory—their intricacy and formidable appearance were due entirely to Ives' insistence on maintaining an [[aether theory|aether]] framework and mode of expression. I... was never able to convince him that since what he had was in fact indistinguishable in its predictions from the relativity theory within the domain of physics, it was in fact the same theory...  some who have not penetrated to the essence of Ives' theoretical work have seized upon it as overthrowing the special theory of relativity, and have used it as an argument for a return to outmoded and invalid ways of thought."''
-[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627947/videophone Videophone] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', retrieved April 13, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online;</ref>
-Following the philosophy of [[Hendrik Lorentz]], he attempted to demonstrate the physical reality of relativistic effects by means of logical arguments and experiments. He is best known for conducting the [[Ives–Stilwell experiment]],<ref>
-H.E.Ives, G.R.Stilwell, An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock, ''[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]]'', Vol. 28, Iss. 7, pp. 215–226 (1938).
-</ref> which provided direct confirmation of special relativity's [[time dilation]]. However, Ives himself regarded his experiment as a proof of the existence of the [[Luminiferous aether|ether]] and hence, as he erroneously suggested, a disproof of the [[theory of relativity]]. He was discouraged by the reaction of the scientific community that had interpreted his experiment in the way opposite to his expectations.
-He then turned to the theory and published a set of articles,<ref>
-H.E.Ives, Historical note on the rate of moving atomic clock,  ''[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]]'', Vol. 37, Iss. 10, pp. 810–813 (1947).
-</ref><ref>H.E.Ives, The measurement of the velocity of light by signals sent in one direction, ''[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]]'', Vol. 38, Iss. 10, 879–884 (1948).</ref><ref>H.E.Ives, Lorentz-type transformations as derived from performable rod and clock operations, ''[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]]'', Vol. 39, Iss. 9, pp. 757–761 (1949).</ref><ref>H.E.Ives, Extrapolation from Michelson-Morley experiment, ''[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]]'', Vol. 40, Iss. 4, pp. 185–191 (1950).</ref> where he demonstrated that not only [[Lorentz contraction]] but also [[time dilation]] can be explained based on [[classical physics]], which he erroneously thought would “disprove” relativity.<ref>Lev Lomize, ''[http://nonpostulatedrelativity.com/ Non-postulated relativity]'', ISBN 0-975-55210-4, p. 266; Russian edition, М.: Просвещение, ''From High School Physics to Relativity'' (1990) ISBN 5-090-01840-5, [http://bookmix.ru/book.phtml?id=389212])</ref> This paradoxical aspect of Ives's work was described by his friend, the noted physicist [[Howard Percy Robertson|H. P. Robertson]], who contributed the following summary of Ives's attitude toward [[special relativity]] in a biography of Ives: ''"Ives' work in the basic optical field presents a rather curious anomaly, for although he considered that it disproved the special theory of relativity, the fact is that his experimental work offers one of the most valuable supports for this theory, and his numerous theoretical investigations are quite consistent with it…  his deductions were in fact valid, but his conclusions were only superficially in contradiction with the relativity theory—their intricacy and formidable appearance were due entirely to Ives' insistence on maintaining an [[Lorentz ether theory|aether framework and mode of expression]]."''
 ==Awards and honors==
+* Ives received three times the [[Edward Longstreth Medal]] from the [[Franklin Institute]]: in 1907, 1915 and 1919.<ref name="LongstrethMedal_Laureates">{{cite web|url=http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=Ives&fn=Herbert&keyword=&subject=&award=LONG+&sy=&ey=&name=Submit |title=Franklin Laureate Database - Edward Longstreth Medals for Herbert E. Ives |publisher=[[Franklin Institute]] |accessdate={{Start date|2011|11|16}}}}</ref>
-* Ives received three times the [[Edward Longstreth Medal]] from the [[Franklin Institute]]: in 1907, 1915 and 1919.<ref name="LongstrethMedal_Laureates">{{cite web|url=http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=Ives&fn=Herbert&keyword=&subject=&award=LONG+&sy=&ey=&name=Submit |title=Franklin Laureate Database - Edward Longstreth Medals for Herbert E. Ives |publisher=[[Franklin Institute]] |accessdate=November 16, 2011}}</ref>
 * He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal from the [[Optical Society of America]] in 1937.<ref>[http://www.osa.org/Awards_and_Grants/Awards/Award_Description/ivesquinn/default.aspx Frederic Ives Medal / Quinn Prize], website of The Optical Society (formerly [[Optical Society]] of America, OSA). Retrieved August 17, 2011.</ref>
 * U. S. President [[Harry Truman]] awarded Ives the [[Medal for Merit]] in 1948 for his war-time work on [[Blackout (wartime)|blackout lighting]] and [[Fiber-optic communication|optical communication]] systems.<ref name=papers>Dean Turner and Richard Hazelett, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1932717056&id=-r5IGSTJVPcC&pg=PR5&lpg=PR3&dq=herbert-e-ives&sig=5o9gCIEWGHXvu2dUlX01g2DEkZ0 The Einstein Myth and the Ives Papers: A Counter-Revolution in Physics]'', Pasadena: Hope Publishing (1979).</ref>
@@ Line 68: / Line 51: @@
 *[[History of television]]
+*[[Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA]]
-*[[History of videotelephony]]
-*[[Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA|Optical Society of America –Past Presidents of the OSA]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 76: / Line 58: @@
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.att.com/history/television/ives.html AT&T history with photos]
 * [http://www.bairdtelevision.com/Ives.html More television history and photos]
@@ Line 87: / Line 68: @@
 {{Authority control|VIAF=45085991}}
 {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
 | NAME              = Ives, Herbert E.
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 | PLACE OF DEATH    =
 }}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Ives, Herbert E.}}
 [[Category:American physicists]]
@@ Line 109: / Line 87: @@
 [[Category:Presidents of the Optical Society]]
 [[Category:People from Hanover Township, New Jersey]]
-[[Category:Videotelephony]]

Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Vatican
Academics	zbMATH
Artists	Musée d'Orsay Photographers' Identities
People	Deutsche Biographie Trove
Other	SNAC IdRef
Warning	Local parameters are deprecated.

Revision as of 17:02, 4 January 2014

Biography

Awards and honors

See also

References

External links