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He was widely known for his conservative viewpoints, both in religious matters and in politics through his work with the college's [[Harding University#American Studies Institute|American Studies Institute]] and an adjacent institute, the [[George S. Benson#Career|National Education Program]]. Working closely with the founder of the National Education Program (NEP), Harding President and nationally known conservative activist [[George S. Benson]], Bales played a leading role in establishing Harding, through the work of the National Education Program and School of American Studies, as a nationally known center for conservative activism. He published, among other works, ''The [[Martin Luther King]] Story: a Study in Apostasy, Agitation, and Anarchy'', which attacks King as a radical and a [[communist]].<ref>Bales, James D. (1967). ''The Martin Luther King Story: A Study in Apostasy, Agitation, and Anarchy''. Tulsa: Christian Crusade Publications.</ref>
He was widely known for his conservative viewpoints, both in religious matters and in politics through his work with the college's [[Harding University#American Studies Institute|American Studies Institute]] and an adjacent institute, the [[George S. Benson#Career|National Education Program]]. Working closely with the founder of the National Education Program (NEP), Harding President and nationally known conservative activist [[George S. Benson]], Bales played a leading role in establishing Harding, through the work of the National Education Program and School of American Studies, as a nationally known center for conservative activism. He published, among other works, ''The [[Martin Luther King]] Story: a Study in Apostasy, Agitation, and Anarchy'', which attacks King as a radical and a [[communist]].<ref>Bales, James D. (1967). ''The Martin Luther King Story: A Study in Apostasy, Agitation, and Anarchy''. Tulsa: Christian Crusade Publications.</ref>


A defender and author for conservative causes, Bales acquired an almost legendary reputation among those who had dealings with him at Harding and elsewhere in the [[Churches of Christ]], among both supporters and opponents. One opponent, Don Haymes, concisely if ironically summarized a widespread view of Bales in a 1977 essay which represented the views of a faction within the Churches of Christ opposed to the strong political and theological conservatism Bales, Benson, and the School of American Studies represented.
One of Bales' opponents, Don Haymes, concisely summarized a widespread view of Bales in a 1977 essay (which represented the views of a faction within the Churches of Christ opposed to the strong political and theological conservatism represented by Bales, Benson, and the School of American Studies):


{{quote|In the beginning, 30 or more years ago, he was Young Lochinvar riding out of the West, a newly minted Doctor of Philosophy from Berkeley, boldly slaying the dragons of Error and rescuing the distressed damsels of Truth. If today he seems more like Don Quixote, loping along on a flea-bitten nag, helmet slightly askew, armed with a pen rather than a lance, befuddled by the alchemy of the printed word—it is perhaps only our perceptions which changed; where once we saw dragons and giants, the cold light of time reveals only windmills, and the fair damsels are seen to be homely harridans hawking their ware. ……..
{{quote|In the beginning, 30 or more years ago, he was Young Lochinvar riding out of the West, a newly minted Doctor of Philosophy from Berkeley, boldly slaying the dragons of Error and rescuing the distressed damsels of Truth. If today he seems more like Don Quixote, loping along on a flea-bitten nag, helmet slightly askew, armed with a pen rather than a lance, befuddled by the alchemy of the printed word—it is perhaps only our perceptions which changed; where once we saw dragons and giants, the cold light of time reveals only windmills, and the fair damsels are seen to be homely harridans hawking their ware. ……..
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}}</ref>}}
}}</ref>}}


Bales is tightly linked to George S. Benson and the National Education Program (NEP) at Harding. Much of his work and advocating for Benson and the NEP, as discussed in ''Sometimes in the Wrong But Never in Doubt''.<ref>Hicks, L. Edward. (1995). ''Sometimes in the wrong, but never in doubt: George S. Benson and the education of the new Religious Right''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. {{ISBN|0-87049-865-7}}.</ref> The influence of the NEP long colored perceptions of Bales and Harding College. A controversy involving Bales' influence at Harding, a dispute between Bales and a Harding Professor named James Atteberry,<ref>The situation was known as the Atteberry Affair.</ref> is also covered in Hicks' book. [[citation needed]] Ostensibly a dispute over the theological soundness of a private paper delivered by Atteberry at a Harding faculty meeting, the dispute seemed to involve dissenting faculty and student opinions regarding the overall ''zeitgeist'' of the NEP and political, cultural, and religious conservatism at Harding in general.
Though some of Haymes commentary is incorrect (Baker Book House published at least four of Bales' books), Haymes here and in later remarks seems to touch on the salient aspects for which Bales is most remembered. His personal likability and sincerity were almost universally admired, even by his bitterest enemies. His intellectual honesty is demonstrated in that did not always espouse conservative issues simply because they were conservative issues. He did not hold to positions simply because they were popular. As the result of events and changing times, his views sometimes became objects of controversy and strong disagreement, from both within and without the Churches of Christ.<ref>A typical anecdote is that Bales, an ardent [[Amillennialism|amillennialist]], provided for his students to select various projects for research papers. Bales admonished the students that he expected them to quote the Bible. One of the topics was the [[second coming of Christ]]. One of his students, whose view was [[dispensational premillennialism]], chose that topic. As Bales returned the papers in class, the student apprehensively observed other students—with marginalia such as "I don't follow you here" and "Where did you get this nonsense?" and "You don't know what you're writing about"—and finally in sequence received the paper back. Nothing on the first page, the second page, the third page, all the way to the end, where Dr Bales had written this comment: "I don't agree with anything you have written, but at least you quoted the Bible."</ref>


Bales is tightly linked to George S. Benson and the National Education Program at Harding. Much of his work and advocating for Benson and the NEP, as discussed in ''Sometimes in the Wrong But Never in Doubt''.<ref>Hicks, L. Edward. (1995). ''Sometimes in the wrong, but never in doubt: George S. Benson and the education of the new Religious Right''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. {{ISBN|0-87049-865-7}}.</ref> The influence of the NEP long colored perceptions of Bales and Harding College. A controversy involving Bales' influence at Harding, a dispute between Bales and a Harding Professor named James Atteberry,<ref>The situation was known as the Atteberry Affair.</ref> is also covered in Hicks' book. Ostensibly a dispute over the theological soundness of a private paper delivered by Atteberry at a Harding faculty meeting, the dispute seemed to involve dissenting faculty and student opinions regarding the overall ''zeitgeist'' of the NEP and political, cultural, and religious conservatism at Harding in general. In addition, his stance on racial segregation has garnered some criticism. In 1957, when 85% of the students and over 100 faculty members signed a paper stating that they would accept integration at Harding, Benson enlisted Bales to ameliorate their concerns. Bales expounded that segregation should be viewed as a local tradition that should be respected. He stated his belief that no matter what their station in life, God accepted all people. However, in the New Testament, the church did not dismantle social hierarchies, and that acts that were offensive to some church members (as in the eating of meat sacrificed to idols) were avoided so as not to offend them. Bales said that desegregation should be viewed the same way.<ref name="integration" |page=86 />
In addition, his stance on racial segregation has garnered some criticism. In 1957, when 85% of the students and over 100 faculty members signed a paper stating that they would accept integration at Harding, Benson enlisted Bales to ameliorate their concerns. Benson and Bales were racists who were against racial integration. Bales argued that segregation should be viewed as a local tradition that should be respected. He stated his belief that no matter what their station in life, God accepted all people. However, in the New Testament, the church did not dismantle social hierarchies, and that acts that were offensive to some church members (as in the eating of meat sacrificed to idols) were avoided so as not to offend them. Bales said that desegregation should be viewed the same way.<ref name="integration" |page=86 />
⚫
Bales' racist views slowly changed, and Harding College was eventually integrated, despite his argument for putting off such changes until some time in the distant future.<ref name="integration">{{cite web |last1=Key |first1=Barclay |title=Race and Restoration: churches of Christ and the African American Freedom Struggle |url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0019542/key_b.pdf |accessdate=29 December 2018|pages=55–60}}</ref>


⚫
A consensus about Bales' overall legacy remains unclear, but it appears there has been a rapid decline of Bales legacy and presence upon his retirement and death, as suggested by Haymes' conclusion that "His influence in the Harding sphere ran broad and deep, but it has not, I think, run long." [[citation needed]]
⚫
Bales believed that integration was rightful in the long run, but his defensiveness of American government and institutions led him to favor putting such changes off until some time in the distant future.<ref name="integration">{{cite web |last1=Key |first1=Barclay |title=Race and Restoration: churches of Christ and the African American Freedom Struggle |url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0019542/key_b.pdf |accessdate=29 December 2018|pages=55–60}}</ref>

⚫
A consensus about Bales' overall legacy remains unclear, but it appears there has been a rapid decline of Bales legacy and presence upon his retirement and death, as suggested by Haymes' conclusion that "His influence in the Harding sphere ran broad and deep, but it has not, I think, run long." On analysis, the legacy of James D. Bales may perhaps be more strongly seen, if indirectly, in the movement which Hicks and a number of conservative commentators credit the NEP, the quiet but definitive influencing of the formation of the [[Christian Right]].


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 19:29, 11 February 2024

James David Bales
Born(1915-11-05)5 November 1915
Tacoma, Washington
Died16 August 1995(1995-08-16) (aged 79)
Searcy, Arkansas
NationalityAmerican
EducationHarding University
OccupationBible Professor
Years active1944-1980
Notable workThe Martin Luther King Story: A Study in Apostasy, Agitation, and Anarchy
SpouseMary
Children6

James David Bales (November 5, 1915 - August 16, 1995[1]) was an influential Bible professor, controversialist and administrator at Harding University (then Harding College) for almost forty years.

Early life and education

He was born in Tacoma, Washington, but soon moved to Albany, Georgia. He was eleven when his parents were both killed by a train. He then lived with his grandparents in Fitzgerald, Georgia and attended the Woodward Academy, where he was a wrestler. In 1932, he went to Georgia Tech High School, graduating in 1933. He received his bachelor of arts degree at Harding College, where he was also a state wrestling champion in 1936, and received a master's degree at George Peabody college, followed by a doctorate in theological studies at the University of California at Berkley.[2]

Later life and work

He was widely known for his conservative viewpoints, both in religious matters and in politics through his work with the college's American Studies Institute and an adjacent institute, the National Education Program. Working closely with the founder of the National Education Program (NEP), Harding President and nationally known conservative activist George S. Benson, Bales played a leading role in establishing Harding, through the work of the National Education Program and School of American Studies, as a nationally known center for conservative activism. He published, among other works, The Martin Luther King Story: a Study in Apostasy, Agitation, and Anarchy, which attacks King as a radical and a communist.[3]

One of Bales' opponents, Don Haymes, concisely summarized a widespread view of Bales in a 1977 essay (which represented the views of a faction within the Churches of Christ opposed to the strong political and theological conservatism represented by Bales, Benson, and the School of American Studies):

In the beginning, 30 or more years ago, he was Young Lochinvar riding out of the West, a newly minted Doctor of Philosophy from Berkeley, boldly slaying the dragons of Error and rescuing the distressed damsels of Truth. If today he seems more like Don Quixote, loping along on a flea-bitten nag, helmet slightly askew, armed with a pen rather than a lance, befuddled by the alchemy of the printed word—it is perhaps only our perceptions which changed; where once we saw dragons and giants, the cold light of time reveals only windmills, and the fair damsels are seen to be homely harridans hawking their ware. …….. As an author, Dr. Bales assumes legendary proportions. The Harding Graduate School Library lists 64 separate titles from The Christian Conscientious Objector (1944) to Psalm for Frightened and Frustrated Sheep (1976). He has published most of this remarkable output himself, or with the imprint of obscure purveyors of tracts and Bible school literature; but Baker Book House has issued three volumes and Christian Standard has published another; several, including his most notorious work, The Martin Luther King Story, were put out by Billy James Hargis' Christian Crusade. Beyond the books are countless articles on every item from religious controversy from the Pope to the Pentecostals. Through several serious illnesses and the siring of a trainload of talented and attractive progeny, James Bales has managed to propel himself into the eye of almost every storm confronting the Church of Christ for more than three decades.[4]

Bales is tightly linked to George S. Benson and the National Education Program (NEP) at Harding. Much of his work and advocating for Benson and the NEP, as discussed in Sometimes in the Wrong But Never in Doubt.[5] The influence of the NEP long colored perceptions of Bales and Harding College. A controversy involving Bales' influence at Harding, a dispute between Bales and a Harding Professor named James Atteberry,[6] is also covered in Hicks' book. citation needed Ostensibly a dispute over the theological soundness of a private paper delivered by Atteberry at a Harding faculty meeting, the dispute seemed to involve dissenting faculty and student opinions regarding the overall zeitgeist of the NEP and political, cultural, and religious conservatism at Harding in general.

In addition, his stance on racial segregation has garnered some criticism. In 1957, when 85% of the students and over 100 faculty members signed a paper stating that they would accept integration at Harding, Benson enlisted Bales to ameliorate their concerns. Benson and Bales were racists who were against racial integration. Bales argued that segregation should be viewed as a local tradition that should be respected. He stated his belief that no matter what their station in life, God accepted all people. However, in the New Testament, the church did not dismantle social hierarchies, and that acts that were offensive to some church members (as in the eating of meat sacrificed to idols) were avoided so as not to offend them. Bales said that desegregation should be viewed the same way.[7] 

Bales' racist views slowly changed, and Harding College was eventually integrated, despite his argument for putting off such changes until some time in the distant future.[7]

A consensus about Bales' overall legacy remains unclear, but it appears there has been a rapid decline of Bales legacy and presence upon his retirement and death, as suggested by Haymes' conclusion that "His influence in the Harding sphere ran broad and deep, but it has not, I think, run long." citation needed

Notes

  1. ^ Paul D. Haynie (June 14, 2017). James David Bales (1915–1995). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Haynie, Paul. "James David Bales (1915-1995)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  3. ^ Bales, James D. (1967). The Martin Luther King Story: A Study in Apostasy, Agitation, and Anarchy. Tulsa: Christian Crusade Publications.
  4. ^ Haymes, Don. "A nice guy". Integrity Magazine. Archived from the original on 2018-06-27.
  5. ^ Hicks, L. Edward. (1995). Sometimes in the wrong, but never in doubt: George S. Benson and the education of the new Religious Right. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-865-7.
  6. ^ The situation was known as the Atteberry Affair.
  7. ^ a b Key, Barclay. "Race and Restoration: churches of Christ and the African American Freedom Struggle" (PDF). pp. 55–60. Retrieved 29 December 2018.

External links

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