Sodium butyrate: Difference between revisions

| Verifiedfields = changed

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 400838964

| ImageFile=Sodium butyrate formula V.1.svg

| ImageSize=250px

| PIN = Sodium butanoate

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| CASNo = 156-54-7

| UNII = 8RAS91C36W

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}

| ChEBI = 64103

| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}

| ChEMBL = 62381

| PubChem = 5222465

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 8727

| InChI = 1S/C4H8O2.Na/c1-2-3-4(5)6;/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,5,6);/q;+1/p-1

| SMILES = CCCC(=O)[O-].[Na+]

'''Sodium butyrate''' is a [[Compound (chemistry)|compound]] with formula Na(C₃H₇COO). It is the [[sodium]] [[Salt (chemistry)|salt]] of [[butyric acid]]. It has various effects on cultured mammalian cells including inhibition of [[Cell growth|proliferation]], induction of [[Cellular differentiation|differentiation]] and [[Regulation of gene expression|induction]] or [[Repressor|repression]] of gene expression.<ref name=Kruh>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00222695 |title=Effects of sodium butyrate, a new pharmacological agent, on cells in culture |year=1981 |last1=Kruh |first1=Jacques |journal=Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry |volume=42 |issue=2 |pmid=6174854 |pages=65–82|s2cid=24214720 }}</ref> As such, it can be used in lab to bring about any of these effects. Specifically, butyrate treatment of cells results in histone hyperacetylation, and butyrate itself inhibits class I [[histone deacetylase]] (HDAC) activity,<ref name=Candid>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(78)90305-7 |title=Sodium butyrate inhibits histone deacetylation in cultured cells |year=1978 |last1=Candido |first1=E |journal=Cell |volume=14 |pages=105–13 |pmid=667927 |last2=Reeves |first2=Raymond |last3=Davie |first3=James R. |issue=1|s2cid=33206068 }}</ref> specifically [[HDAC1]], [[HDAC2]], [[HDAC3]], and butyrate can be used in determining histone deacetylene in [[chromatin]] structure and function. [[Histone deacetylase inhibitor|Inhibition]] of [[HDAC]] activity is estimated to affect the expression of only 2% of mammalian genes.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12840228 |year=2003 |last1=Davie |first1=James R. |title=Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Activity by Butyrate |volume=133 |issue=7 Suppl |pages=2485S–2493S |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12840228|doi=10.1093/jn/133.7.2485s |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the lab, sodium butyrate is usually found as a white, water-soluble, crystalline solid. The chemical is notable for having a very strong, unpleasant smell that lingers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB7391358.htm|title=Sodium butanoate {{!}} 156-54-7|website=Chemicalbook.com|access-date=2016-05-31}}</ref> When working with sodium butyrate, gloves, eye protection and respiratory masks are advised for safety purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/b5887?lang=en&region=AU|title=Sodium butyrate ≥98.5% (GC) {{!}} Sigma-Aldrich|website=Sigmaaldrich.com|access-date=2016-05-31}}</ref>

The compound is found in human diet, notably produced in large amounts from [[dietary fiber]] in the gut and present in Parmesan cheese and butter.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/61/4/797|title=Sodium Butyrate Stimulates Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Liver by Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase 3|first1=Huating|last1=Li|first2=Zhanguo|last2=Gao|first3=Jin|last3=Zhang|first4=Xin|last4=Ye|first5=Aimin|last5=Xu|first6=Jianping|last6=Ye|first7=Weiping|last7=Jia|date=1 April 2012|journal=Diabetes|volume=61|issue=4|pages=797–806|access-date=27 November 2021|via=diabetes.diabetesjournals.org|doi=10.2337/db11-0846| pmc=3314370 |pmid=22338096}}</ref> Nevertheless, the most common source of sodium butyrate in the gut is from consumption of [[legumes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/want-great-longevity-and-health-it-takes-a-village-1432304395|title=Want Great Longevity and Health? It Takes a Village|first=Dan|last=Buettner|date=22 May 2015|access-date=27 November 2021|website=Wsj.com}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Butyric acid]]

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite journal |pmid=21593570 |year=2011 |last1=Govindarajan |first1=Nambirajan |last2=Agis-Balboa |first2=Roberto Carlos |last3=Walter |first3=Jonas |last4=Sananbenesi |first4=Farahnaz |last5=Fischer |first5=André |title=Sodium Butyrate Improves Memory Function in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model When Administered at an Advanced Stage of Disease Progression |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=187–97 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2011-110080 |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease}}

{{HDAC inhibitors}}

[[Category:Butyrates]]

[[Category:GABA analogues]]

[[Category:Organic sodium salts]]

[[Category:Histone deacetylase inhibitors]]

[[Category:Foul-smelling chemicals]]