Glipizide: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Chemical compound}}

{{Distinguish|gliclazide|glyburide}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}

| verifiedrevid = 444731264

| image2 = Glipizide ball-and-stick.png

| tradename = Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL, others

| DailyMedID = Glipizide

| pregnancy_AU = C

| pregnancy_category =

| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]]

| class = [[Sulfonylurea]]

| ATC_prefix = A10

| ATC_suffix = BB07

| legal_AU =

| legal_CA =

| legal_UK = POM

| legal_US = Rx only

| legal_status =

| metabolism = [[Liver]] [[hydroxylation]]

| excretion = [[Kidney]] and fecal

| IUPHAR_ligand = 6821

| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}

| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}

| ChEBI = 5384

| IUPAC_name = ''N''-(4-[''N''-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl]phenethyl)-5-methylpyrazine-2-carboxamide

| C=21 | H=27 | N=5 | O=4 | S=1

| SMILES = O=C(c1ncc(nc1)C)NCCc2ccc(cc2)S(=O)(=O)NC(=O)NC3CCCCC3

| melting_point = 208

| melting_high = 209

<!-- Definition and medical uses -->

'''Glipizide''', sold under the brand name '''Glucotrol''' among others, is an [[anti-diabetic medication]] of the [[sulfonylurea]] class used to treat [[type 2 diabetes]].<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name="Glucotrol FDA label" /> It is used together with a [[diabetic diet]] and exercise.<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name="Glucotrol FDA label" /> It is not indicated for use by itself in [[type 1 diabetes]].<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name="Glucotrol FDA label" /> It is taken [[Oral administration|by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name="Glucotrol FDA label" /> Effects generally begin within half an hour and can last for up to a day.<ref name=AHFS2018/>

<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->

Common side effects include nausea, [[diarrhea]], [[low blood sugar]], and [[headache]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> Other side effects include sleepiness, skin rash, and shakiness.<ref name=BNF76/> The dose may need to be adjusted in those with [[liver disease|liver]] or [[kidney disease]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> Use during [[pregnancy]] or [[breastfeeding]] is not recommended.<ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=693|edition=76}}</ref> It works by stimulating the [[pancreas]] to release [[insulin]] and increases tissue sensitivity to insulin.<ref name=AHFS2018/>

<!-- History and culture -->

Glipizide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1984.<ref name=AHFS2018/> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web |title=Glipizide Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/glipizide.html | work = Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=24 December 2018 }}</ref> In 2021, it was the 48th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 13{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2021 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Glipizide - Drug Usage Statistics | work = ClinCalc | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Glipizide | access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

==Mechanism of action==

Glipizide sensitizes the [[beta cell]]s of pancreatic [[islets of Langerhans]] insulin response, meaning that more insulin is released in response to glucose than would be without glipizide ingestion.<ref name="Glucotrol FDA label">{{cite web | title=Glucotrol XL- glipizide tablet, extended release | website=DailyMed | date=17 August 2018 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=eed99b60-d043-4249-9b2a-f05e46fb588d | access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> Glipizide acts by partially blocking [[potassium]] channels among beta cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. By blocking [[potassium]] channels, the cell depolarizes, which results in the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. The resulting calcium influx encourages insulin release from beta cells.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bösenberg LH, Van Zyl DG | title = The mechanism of action of oral antidiabetic drugs: a review of recent literature. | journal = Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa | date = December 2008 | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 80–8 | doi = 10.1080/22201009.2008.10872177 | doi-access = free | hdl = 2263/10139 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

==History==

It was patented in 1969, and approved for medical use in 1971.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=449 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA449 }}</ref> Glipizide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1984.<ref name=AHFS2018/>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Oral hypoglycemics and insulin analogs}}

{{Ion channel modulators}}

{{Portal bar | Medicine}}

[[Category:Potassium channel blockers]]

[[Category:1-(Benzenesulfonyl)-3-cyclohexylureas]]

[[Category:Pyrazines]]

[[Category:Drugs developed by Pfizer]]

[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]