Ammonium metavanadate: Difference between revisions

{{chembox

| verifiedrevid = 444496380

| Name = Ammonium vanadate

| ImageFile = Ammonium-metavanadate-2D.png

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| ImageName = Ammonium vanadate

| ImageFile1 = Ammonium-metavanadate-sample.jpg

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| ImageName1 = Photo of a sample of ammonium vanadate

| IUPACName = Ammonium trioxovanadate(V)

| OtherNames = Ammonium vanadate

| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| RTECS = YWD875000

| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties

| Formula = NH₄VO₃

| MolarMass = 116.98 g/mol

| Appearance = slightly yellow crystalline solid, [[hygroscopic]]

| Density = 2.326 g/cm³

| Solubility = 0.48 g/100 ml (20°C)<br/>0.84 g/100ml (30°C)<br/>1.32 g/100ml (40°C)<br/>2.42 g/100ml (60°C) <br> 7.0 g/100 mL (100 °C)

| SolubleOther = insoluble in [[ether]], [[ammonium chloride|NH₄Cl]], [[alcohol]] <br> soluble in [[diethanolamine]]

| MeltingPt = 200 °C (473 K)

| BoilingPt = Decomposes

| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure

| MolShape =

| Coordination =

| CrystalStruct =

| Dipole =

| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards

| ExternalMSDS =

| EUIndex = Not listed

| MainHazards = possible [[mutagen]], dangerous for the environment

| FlashPt = Non-flammable

| RPhrases =

| SPhrases =

| NFPA-H = 4

| NFPA-F = 0

| NFPA-R = 0

| LD50 = 58.1 mg/kg, oral (rat)

}}

| Section8 = {{Chembox Related

| OtherAnions = [[Ammonium orthovanadate]]<br/>[[Ammonium hexavanadate]]

| OtherCations = [[Sodium metavanadate]]<br/>[[Potassium metavanadate]]

| OtherCpds = [[Vanadium pentoxide]]

'''Ammonium metavanadate''', NH₄VO₃, is a yellow [[crystalline]] solid which is water soluble inorganic acid that acts as [[insulin]] mimic.<ref name="Vladimír Syneček and František Hanic">{{cite journal | author = Vladimír Syneček and František Hanic | title = The crystal structure of ammonium metavanadate | year = 1954 | journal = Czechoslovak Journal of Physics | volume = 4 | pages = 120–129 | doi = 10.1007/BF01687750 | issue = 2}}</ref><ref name="Morgan">{{cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Ashraf M|coauthors=Osama S. El-Tawil|title=Effects of ammonium metavanadate on fertility and reproductive performance of adult male and female rats|journal=Pharmacological Research|year=2003|volume=47|pages=75–85|doi=10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00241-4|pmid=12526865|issue=1}}</ref><ref name="Takahashi">{{cite journal|last=Takahashi|first=Leonardo Susumu|coauthors=Ana Paula Baldan, Elisabeth Crisuolo|title=Growth performance and energetic metabolism of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887), fed diets supplemented with ammonium metavanadate|journal=Aquaculture Research|year=2006|volume=37|pages=1372–1377|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01577.x|issue=13}}</ref> It functions as a [[catalyst]] to certain reactions and is known to have toxic effects in certain species.<ref name="Morgan" /><ref name = "Takahashi" /><ref name="Sonar">{{cite journal|last=Sonar|first=Swapnil S.|coauthors=Amol H. Kategaonkar, Madhav N. Ware, Charansingh H. Gill, Bapurao B. Shingate, and Murlidhar S. Shingare|title=Ammonium metavanadate: an effective catalyst for synthesis of α-hydroxyphosphonates|journal=Arkivoc|year=2009|volume=2|pages=138–148}}</ref><ref name="Soussi">{{cite journal|last=Soussi|first=Ahlem|coauthors=Francoise Croute, Jean-Pierre Soleihavoup, Abdelaziz, Abdelfattah El-Feki|title=Impact of green tea on oxidative stress induced by ammonium metavanadate exposure in male rats|journal=Comptes rendus biologies|year=2006|pages=775–84}}</ref> It has been found in slags and fly ash from coal burning which has been known to cause respiratory problems.<ref name="Vaddi">{{cite journal|last=Vaddi|first=Krishna|coauthors=Cheng-i Wei|title=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health|journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health|year=1996|pages=4190425}}</ref> Ammonium metavanadate belongs to the family of vanadates that contains many different oxidative states that are dependent on pH.<ref name = "Soussi" /> Ammonium metavanadate is the most common laboratory vanadate reagent, along with potassium metavanadate, KVO₃.<ref name="Vladimír Syneček and František Hanic" />

==Crystal structure==

Crystalline ammonium metavanadate contains infinitely long chains of corner-sharing VO₄ tetrahedra.

<center>

{|align="center" class="wikitable"

|<center>[[Image:Ammonium-metavanadate-3D-balls.png|150px]]</center>||<center>[[Image:Ammonium-metavanadate-3D-polyhedra.png|150px]]</center>||<center>[[Image:Ammonium-metavanadate-chains-3D.png|100px]]</center>

|<center>[[ball-and-stick model]]</center>||<center>polyhedral model</center>||<center>[(VO₃)_n]ⁿ⁻ chains</center>

</center>

== Pharmacology ==

Many pharmacology studies have been performed to understand the effects of ammonium metavanadate. Studies have been performed on ''Piearactus mesopotamicus'', Wistar rats, bovine, murine, and ''Samonella typhimurium''. In the study of Holmberg, different doses of ammonium metavanadate were tested and examined for growth and metabolism effects on pacu.<ref name = "Takahashi" /> The study did not improve the metabolism of as hypothesized but cytotoxicity and reduced growth was noted at high doses.<ref name = "Takahashi" />

Ammonium metavanadate administration in rats has been known to have negative effects on fertility, reproductive performance, and progeny.<ref name = "Morgan"/> Ammonium metavanadate and other vanadium compounds are “known to cross the placental barrier and accumulate in the fetuses especially in the fetal skeleton.”<ref name = "Morgan" /> In a study by Morgan and El-Tawil, the effects of ammonium metavanadate was examined in three groups; control without ammonium metavanadate, treated female rats with untreated males, and untreated female rats with treated males.<ref name = "Morgan" /> It was noted that ammonium metavanadate caused visceral and skeletal anomalies in both treated groups.<ref name = "Morgan" /> In fetuses, visceral anomalies consisted of dilated brain ventricles, dilated nares, olfactory bulb, renal hypoplasia, and other abnormalities.<ref name = "Morgan" /> In fetuses, skeletal anomalies consisted of wide separation of parietal bones, extra ribs, absence of carpal and metacarpal, tarsal and metatarsal bones, and other abnormalities.<ref name = "Morgan" /> Reproductive organs of the treated sex were also shown to be affected and to weigh less than those of untreated rats.<ref name = "Morgan" /> No overall body weight was seen in treated rats.<ref name = "Morgan" />

A few studies have been done to counteract the toxic effects of ammonium metavanadate. The study by Soussi et al., examined the cytotoxicity caused by oxidative stress from indigestion of ammonium metavanadate in Wistar rats and the anti-oxidative effects of ''Camillia sinensis'' tea leaves after the administration of ammonium metavanadate.<ref name = "Soussi" /> ''Camillia sinensis'' was selected for its “polyphenols which are known to possess antioxidative properties due to their radical scavenging and metal-chelating functions.”<ref name = "Soussi" /> From the analysis of the impact and effects of lipid peroxidation, superoxidismutase, catalase activities, vitamin E, and vitamin A, both oxidative stress properties of ammonium metavanadate and anti-oxidative properties of the ''Camillia sinensis'' were supported.<ref name = "Soussi" />

Ammonium metavanadate has been identified in fly ash from coal combustion which has been known to cause respiratory problems.<ref name = "Vaddi" /> A study by Vaddi and Wei, demonstratred the effects of ammonium metavanadate on bovine pulmonary alveolar macrophages.<ref name = "Vaddi" /> These macrophages were selected to demonstrate to effect of ammonium metavanadate on the respiratory system’s defense mechanisms. Viability, [[phagocytosis]], and chemiluminesce (with the presence of luminol) of macrophages were examined with the presence of various concentrations, temperatures, and exposure time.<ref name = "Vaddi" /> Cytotoxicity was found in high concentrations (0.5-1.0 µl/ml) after 8 hours based on phagocytic activity and viability test.<ref name = "Vaddi" /> Low concentrations of ammonium metavanadate (0.01-0.1 µl/ml) were not cytotoxic “even after 24 hour exposure”. <ref name = "Vaddi" /> Cytotoxicity within these macrophages can lead to infection and disease of the respiratory system.

==Catalytic activity==

Ammonium metavanadate acts as a catalyst for various reactions. It has been identified as a catalyst for “α-hydroxyphosphosphonate derivatives by the reaction of various aryl or heteroaryl aldehydes with triethylphosphonate derivatives.”<ref name = "Sonar" /> The end product of these reactions, hydroxyphosphonates, are important because they “act as an inhibitor of a diverse group of enzymes including Renin, FPTase, HIV protease, and EPSP synthase” and “show antibacterial activity with the quinoline nucleus.”<ref name = "Sonar" /> Ammonium metavanadate is environmentally friendly compared to past organic solvents used as catalysts in these and similar reactions.<ref name = "Sonar" /> In the study of Sonar et al., ammonium metavanadate assisted the reaction of triethyl phosphate with 2-chlororquinoline-3-carbaldehyde to produce the α-hydroxyphosphosphonates.<ref name = "Sonar" /> It was determined to produce a high yield of 94% with a much shorter reaction time of 5 minutes compared to both its organic solvents and organic solvent free counterparts.<ref name = "Sonar" />

==Metallurgy==

Ammonium metavanadate has been mixed with basic copper carbonate to make a new compound with better catalytic activity than the two separate compounds.<ref name="Shaheen">{{cite journal|last=Shaheen|first=W.M.|coauthors=Maksod Abd El and Hamdy Islam|title=Thermal characterization of individual and mixed basic copper carbonate and ammonium metavanadate systems|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|year=2009|volume=476|pages=366–372|doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.08.053}}</ref> In the study by Shaheen and Maksod, catalytic activity of different molar ratios of ammonium metavanadate in comparison with the two original compounds was examined at different calcinations temperatures.<ref name = "Shaheen" /> Crystalline structures and composition of compounds at certain temperatures were identified by [[X-ray diffraction]] and [[Differential thermal analysis]] (DTA) curves. <ref name = "Shaheen" /> Catalytic activity was measured “using hydrogen peroxide decomposition at 30, 40, and 50°C” for pure and mixed compounds.<ref name = "Shaheen" /> Pure ammonium metavanadate and basic copper carbonate exhibited very small catalytic activity at 300 and 500°C.<ref name = "Shaheen" /> Catalytic activity of the mixed molar ratios increased with the increase of ammonium metavanadate.<ref name = "Shaheen" /> No catalytic activity occurred at 750 and 1000° C for either pure or mixed.<ref name = "Shaheen" /> Shaheen and Maksod, believed that the incr ease in catalytic activity was due to “the increase in the concentration of active sites by creation of new ion pairs… as a result of mutual charge interaction” and no catalytic activity of 750 and 1000°C was due to “restrict ion of catalytically active constituents by the formation of copper vanadate compounds”.<ref name = "Shaheen" /> Monitoring of activation energy provided evidence that “the addition of increasing amounts of vanadium oxide resulted in a measurable decrease in” activation energy.<ref name = "Shaheen" /> The ESR spectra data from this study suggests that the catalytic activity is based on “the concept of bivalent catalytic centers.”<ref name = "Shaheen" />

==Sensor==

Ammonium metavanadate has the ability to act as a sensor for [[N-Acetyltransferase]] activity in humans [[hepatocytes]] through the analysis of urine after the administration of [[isoniazide]] and ammonium metavanadate.<ref name="Garmonov">{{cite journal|last=Garmonov|first=S. Yu|coauthors=N. S. Shilova, A. V. Yakoleva and R. A. Yusupov|title=Indirect determination of N-acetyltransferase activity using ammonium metavanadate for evaluating isoniazide excretion with human urine|journal=Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal|year=2008|pages=488–492}}</ref> N-Acetyltransferase is important because it acts as an important enzyme of drug metabolism.<ref name = "Garmonov" /> NH₄VO₃, forms a ligand complex with isoniazide and ligand formation happens at nitrogen and oxygen with V(V) as the metal.<ref name = "Garmonov" /> The interaction is dependent on the pH and the amount of AMV present.<ref name = "Garmonov" /> Higher acidity causes absorption intensity and the higher the concentration of complex formation.<ref name = "Garmonov" /> Lower pH decreases the content of VO²⁺ in solution and increases content of dioxohydroxovanadium(V) anion (VO₂OH) and hexadecaoxohexavanadate(V) anion (V₆O₁₆^2-).<ref name = "Garmonov" /> This causes the complex formation to be more complete.<ref name = "Garmonov" />

==Reference==

==Category==

[[ar:ميتا فانادات أمونيوم]]

[[de:Ammoniummetavanadat]]

[[fr:Vanadate d'ammonium]]

[[nl:Ammoniummetavanadaat]]

[[ja:メタバナジン酸アンモニウム]]

[[pl:Metawanadan amonu]]

[[pt:Metavanadato de amônio]]

[[fi:Ammoniummetavanadaatti]]

[[zh:偏钒酸铵]]