Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Cadmium oxide: Difference between pages

{{short description|Inorganic compound with the formula CdO}}

| verifiedrevid = 476999913

|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = 0H3KWS8KJ3

|Section2={{Chembox Properties

| Cd=1 | O=1

| Appearance = colorless powder (alpha form) <br /> red-brown crystal (beta form) <ref>{{cite book|last =Patnaik|first=Pradyot|year=2003|title=Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds |publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn =0-07-049439-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqj-TTzkvTEC}}</ref>

| Odor = odorless

| Density = 8.15 g/cm³(crystalline),<br />6.95 g/cm³ (amorphous)<ref name=NIOSH_sheet>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0088.html |access-date=2007-02-16 |title=NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards }}</ref> solid.

| MeltingPtC = 900-1000

| MeltingPt_notes = <br /> decomposition of amorphous form<ref name=INCHEM_sheet>

{{cite web |url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0117.htm |access-date=2007-02-16 |title=INCHEM: Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations }}</ref>

| BoilingPtC = 1559

| BoilingPt_notes = [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]]<ref name=INCHEM_sheet/>

| Solubility = 4.8 mg/L (18 °C)<ref name=chemister />

| SolubleOther = soluble in dilute acid<br /> slowly soluble in [[ammonium]] salts <br /> insoluble in alkalies

| ThermalConductivity = 0.7 W/m·K

| MagSus = -3.0·10⁻⁵ cm³/mol

| BandGap = 2.18 eV

| ElectronMobility = 531 cm²/V·s

| VaporPressure = 0.13 kPa (1000 °C)<br /> 2.62 kPa (1200 °C)<br /> 61.4 kPa (1500 °C)<ref name=nist />

|Section3={{Chembox Structure

| CrystalStruct = [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]], [[Pearson symbol|cF8]]

| SpaceGroup = Fm<u style="text-decoration:overline">3</u>m, No. 225

|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry

| DeltaHf = −258 kJ/mol<ref name=nist>{{nist|name=Cadmium oxide|id=C1306190|accessdate=2014-05-23|mask=FFFF|units=SI}}</ref><ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7|page=A21}}</ref>

| Entropy = 55 J/mol·K<ref name=b1/>

| DeltaGf = -229.3 kJ/mol<ref name=chemister>{{Cite web|url=http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=500|title=Cadmium oxide}}</ref>

| HeatCapacity = 43.64 J/mol·K<ref name=chemister />

|Section7={{Chembox Hazards

| ExternalSDS = [http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9923229] {{dead link|date=July 2021}}

| GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}}{{GHS08}}{{GHS09}}<ref name="sigma">{{Sigma-Aldrich|id=202894|name=Cadmium oxide|accessdate=2014-05-23}}</ref>

| GHSSignalWord = Danger

| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|330|341|350|361|372|410}}<ref name="sigma" />

| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|260|273|281|284|310}}<ref name="sigma" />

| NFPA-S =

| REL = Ca<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0087}}</ref>

| PEL = [1910.1027] TWA 0.005 mg/m³ (as Cd)<ref name=PGCH/>

| IDLH = Ca [9 mg/m³ (as Cd)]<ref name=PGCH/>

| LD50 = 72 mg/kg (oral, rat)<ref>https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/1306-19-0 {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref><br />72 mg/kg (oral, mouse)<ref name=IDLH/>

| LC50 = 500 mg/m³ (rat, 10 min)<br />2500 mg/m³ (rabbit, 10 min)<br />3500 mg/m³ (guinea pig, 10 min)<br />4000 mg/m³ (dog, 10 min)<br />780 mg/m³ (rat, 10 min)<br />340 mg/m³ (mouse, 10 min)<br />3000 mg/m³ (rabbit, 15 min)<br />3000 mg/m³ (guinea pig, 15 min)<br />400 mg/m³ (dog, 10 min)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|7440439|Cadmium compounds (as Cd)}}</ref>

|Section8={{Chembox Related

| OtherAnions = [[Cadmium sulfide]]<br /> [[Cadmium selenide]]<br /> [[Cadmium telluride]]

| OtherCations = [[Zinc oxide]]<br /> [[Mercury oxide]]

| OtherCompounds =

'''Cadmium oxide''' is an [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] [[cadmium|Cd]]O. It is one of the main precursors to other cadmium compounds. It crystallizes in a cubic rocksalt lattice like [[sodium chloride]], with [[octahedral]] [[cation]] and [[anion]] centers.<ref>Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}}.</ref> It occurs naturally as the rare mineral monteponite. Cadmium oxide can be found as a colorless amorphous powder or as brown or red crystals.<ref name="Lewis, Richard J. 1997, p. 189">Lewis, Richard J. Sr., Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 13th ed., 1997, p. 189</ref> Cadmium oxide is an [[n-type semiconductor]]<ref>{{cite journal|author1=T. L. Chu |author2=Shirley S. Chu |journal=Journal of Electronic Materials|volume=19|issue=9|year=1990|pages=1003–1005|doi=10.1007/BF02652928|title=Degenerate cadmium oxide films for electronic devices|bibcode = 1990JEMat..19.1003C |s2cid=95361658 }}</ref> with a band gap of 2.18 eV (2.31 eV) at room temperature (298 K).<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. K. Vasheghani Farahani |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=102 |issue=2 |year=2013 |page= 022102|doi=10.1063/1.4775691|title=Temperature dependence of the direct bandgap and transport properties of CdO|display-authors=etal|bibcode = 2013ApPhL.102b2102V }}</ref>

==Production and structure==

Since cadmium compounds are often found in association with [[zinc]] ores, cadmium oxide is a common by-product of zinc [[Refining (metallurgy)|refining]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/17.html |title= Cadmium and compounds fact sheet |access-date= 2007-02-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061210213049/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/17.html |archive-date= 2006-12-10 |url-status= dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210213049/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/17.html |date=2006-12-10 }}</ref> It is produced by burning elemental cadmium in air. Pyrolysis of other cadmium compounds, such as the [[Cadmium nitrate|nitrate]] or the [[carbonate]], also affords this oxide. When pure, it is red, but CdO is unusual in being available in many differing colours due to its tendency to form [[Color center (crystallography)|defect structures]] resulting from anion vacancies.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. ''Inorganic Chemistry''. Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}.</ref> Cadmium oxide is prepared commercially by oxidizing cadmium vapor in air.<ref>{{cite book |author1= Hampel, C. A. |author2= Hawley, G. G. |title=The encyclopedia of Chemistry |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamprich |url-access= registration |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamprich/page/169 169] |publisher= New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold |isbn= 9780442230951 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

==Uses==

Cadmium oxide is used in cadmium plating baths, electrodes for storage batteries, cadmium salts, catalysts, ceramic glazes, phosphors, and nematocide.<ref name="Lewis, Richard J. 1997, p. 189" /> Major uses for cadmium oxide are as an ingredient for electroplating baths, optoelectronic devices, and in pigments.<ref>Clifford A. Hampel and Gessner G. Hawley, The encyclopedia of Chemistry, 3rd Ed., 1973, p. 169</ref>

===Transparent conductor===

CdO is used as a transparent conductive material,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0040-6090(94)90853-2|title=Transparent conducting cadmium oxide thin films prepared by a solution growth technique|year=1994|last1=Varkey|first1=A|journal=Thin Solid Films|volume=239|pages=211–213|issue=2|bibcode = 1994TSF...239..211V }}</ref> which was prepared as a [[transparent conducting film]] as early as 1907 by [[Karl Baedeker (scientist)|Karl Baedeker]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0039-6028(98)80028-9|title=N-type doping in CdO ceramics: a study by EELS and photoemission spectroscopy|year=1998|last1=Dou|first1=Y|journal=Surface Science|volume=398|issue=1–2|pages=241–258|bibcode = 1998SurSc.398..241D }}</ref> Cadmium oxide in the form of thin films has been used in applications such as photodiodes, phototransistors, photovoltaic cells, transparent electrodes, liquid crystal displays, IR detectors, and anti reflection coatings.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0254-0584(03)00231-1|title=Studies on cadmium oxide sprayed thin films deposited through non-aqueous medium|year=2004|last1=Lokhande|first1=B|journal=Materials Chemistry and Physics|volume=84|pages=238–242|issue=2–3}}</ref> CdO microparticles undergo bandgap excitation when exposed to [[Ultraviolet|UV-A]] light and is also selective in phenol photodegradation.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2478/s11532-008-0083-7|year=2009|last1=Karunakaran|first1=C|last2=Dhanalakshmi|first2=R|title=Selectivity in photocatalysis by particulate semiconductors|volume=7|issue=1|page=134|journal=Central European Journal of Chemistry|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Cadmium plating===

Most commercial electroplating of cadmium is done by electrodeposition from cyanide baths. These cyanide baths consist of cadmium oxide and [[sodium cyanide]] in water, which likely form [[cadmium cyanide]] and [[sodium hydroxide]]. A typical formula is 32 g/L cadmium oxide and 75 g/L sodium cyanide. The cadmium concentration may vary by as much as 50%. Brighteners are usually added to the bath and the plating is done at room temperature with high-purity cadmium anodes.<ref name="Clifford A. Hampel 1954, p. 87-103">Clifford A. Hampel, Rare Metals Handbook, 1954, p. 87-103</ref>

==Reactivity==

CdO is a basic oxide and is thus attacked by aqueous acids to give solutions of [Cd(H₂O)₆]²⁺. Upon treatment with strong alkaline solutions, {{chem|[Cd(OH)|4|]|2-}} forms.

A thin coat of cadmium oxide forms on the surface of cadmium in moist air at room temperature.<ref name="Lewis, Richard J. 1997, p. 189"/> Cadmium will oxidize at room temperatures to form CdO.<ref name="Clifford A. Hampel 1954, p. 87-103" /> Cadmium vapor and steam will form CdO and hydrogen in a reversible reaction.<ref name="Clifford A. Hampel 1954, p. 87-103" />

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Cadmium oxide}}

*[http://www.webelements.com/compounds/cadmium/cadmium_oxide.html Cadmium(II) oxide] information at Webelements.

{{Cadmium compounds}}

{{Oxides}}

{{oxygen compounds}}

[[Category:Cadmium compounds]]

[[Category:Oxides]]

[[Category:II-VI semiconductors]]

[[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens]]

[[Category:Rock salt crystal structure]]