Turanid race: Difference between revisions
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[[File: Pamirid.JPG|thumb|Pamirid Tajiks]] |
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[[Image:Turk of karahissar.jpg|thumb|''Meyers Blitz-Lexikon'' ([[Weimar Republic|Leipzig, 1932]]) shows a Turkish man as illustrating a subtype of the [[Europid race]].]] |
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[[File: Predominantly turanid-Pamirid uzbeks.JPG|thumb|Predominantly Pamirid Uzbeks]] |
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'''Turanid''' is a term intended to cover populations of [[Central Asia]] associated with the spread of the [[Turanian languages]], that is the combination of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] and [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] families (hence also "Ural-Altaic race"), in [[human genetics]],<ref>Endre Czeizel, Heide-G. Benkmann, H. Werner Goedde, ''Genetics of the Hungarian population: ethnic aspects, genetic markers, ecogenetics and disease spectrum'', Springer Verlag, 1991, pp. 20f.</ref> [[physical anthropology]] and historically in [[scientific racism]]. |
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[[File:Aralid uzbeks.JPG|thumb|Aralid Uzbeks.In addition to the Europid Pamirid base, mongoloid features increase from top to the bottom]] |
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'''Turanid race''' is a synonym of '''Pamirid race''' and is a [[Caucasian race|Europid]] race, which is dominant in the Southern part of [[Central Asia|Central Asia]]. |
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German anthropologist [[Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt|Egon von Eickstedt ]] differed in Turanid race: '''Pamirid race''' and '''Aralid race'''. Together Aralid and Pamirid form the Turanid race. In its pure, unmixed form, Turanid is a Pamirid and is fully [[Caucasian race|Europid]], while in mixed form with mongolids, Turanid is called Aralid. |
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Pamirid race is a synonym and a basic form of Turanid. This fully [[Caucasian race|Europid]] form is common to the [[Tajik_people|Tajiks]]. Some of the Pamirids have features, which put them close to the [[Alpine_race|Alpine race]] (Central Europeans brown haired, brachycephalic race), while others have [[Dinaric_race|Dinaric]] or [[Armenoid_race|Armenoid]] features. Turanid/Pamirid race was dominant in [[Central Asia|Central Asia]] before expansion of mongoloids. |
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Turanid/ Pamirid mixed with mongoloid is know as '''Aralid'''. Aralids are Europid-Mongolid hybrids and Turanid/ Pamirid is their [[Caucasian race|Europid]] base. Aralid type is common to [[Uzbeks|Uzbeks]], [[Kazakhs|Kazakhs]] and [[Kyrgyz|Kyrgyzs]]. [[Caucasian race|Europid]] base is strongest and dominate among most of [[Uzbeks|Uzbeks]], while mongoloid elements dominate in [[Kyrgyz|Kyrgyzs]] and [[Kazakhs|Kazakhs]]. [[Kyrgyz|Kyrgyzs]] are more mongoloid than [[Kazakhs|Kazakhs]], but both have [[Caucasian race|Europid]] admixture that make them different from nearby living Mongols or Burayts. |
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In the [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]], the name “[[Pamir-Fergana race|Pamir-Fergana race]]” was used to describe fully [[Caucasian race|Europid]] Pamirid type of the Turanid (as well as slightly mixed Pamirid type, which is common to [[Uzbeks|Uzbeks]]). While mixed Turanid, which is known as “Aralid”, was called- “South Siberian race” |
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In the South of [[Central Asia|Central Asia]], Turkmen are different from such brachycephalic (short-headed) Europid-Mongolid hybrid people like [[Uzbeks|Uzbeks]]. Turkmen being Europid-Mongolid hybrids are characteristically dolichocephalic (long-headed)- feature they inherited from nearby living [[Caucasian race|Europid]] Iranians (Orientalid (Iranid), according to [[Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt|von Eickstedt ]].) |
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==Turanid as Europid-Mongolid hybrid== |
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G. Montandon, Keith and [[Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt|Egon von Eickstedt ]] described Turanid as a fully [[Caucasian race|Europid]] type. Despite the fact that the term Turanid means fully [[Caucasian race|Europid]] race of [[Central Asia|Central Asia]] (Pamirids) and only in mixed form with mongoloid it becomes a hybrid Aralid race, many scholars used the term “Turanid” to describe Europid-Mongolid hybrids. Saying in other words, many scholars used the term “Turanid” as a synonym of von Eickstedt’s “Aralid”. Moreover, if the term Turanid (and its derivatives- Pamirid and Aralid) was used to describe peoples of [[Central Asia|Central Asian]] region only, many scholars used this term to describe hybrid peoples all over the world. This created a huge confusion and a terminological chaos in the international scientific literature. |
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From Ilse Schwidetzky, Grundlagen der Rassensystematik (Mannheim - Vienna - Zürich 1974), p. 120-122: |
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<blockquote> |
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''Also at the most eastern wing of the European brachymorphics in Asia, there are more differences in terminology than in classification, and this confuse the picture: DENIKER spoke first of a "type touranien". He renamed it later in “Race Turko-Tatar”, with Kazakhs and Uzbeks in Turkestan as main representatives, and he placed them to the Mongolids, however with approximation to the Europids. MONTADON (1933) describes them even more emphasized as Europid-Mongolid intermediate race. Meanwhile GIUFFRIDA-RUGGERI (1912, 1921) had pointed out that the south of Turkestan was purely Europid, and he seperated here a “Pamir race”. 1937 then v. EICKSTEDT divided the Turanids in a more Mongolid northern form (Aralids) and a more Europid southern form (Pamirids); but after a more stronger working out of the differences between the Mongolid north and the Europid south of Turkestan the name Turanids went to the Europid form (SCHWIDETZKY 1950), while for the Mongolid populations of Turkestan no new systematic group was made up. (v. EICKSTEDT 1952). Hungarian and other anthropologists however kept the name Turanid for the Mongolid-Europid mixed populations of central Asia (LIPTAK 1955). For the south Turkestanic Europids also the name “[[Pamir-Fergana race|Pamir-Fergana race]]”(YARKHO 1933) is in use, and the Russian anthropologists use today the a bit lengthy name Central Asian Interfluvial type (comp. GINZBURG, 1966), while the different Latin naming didn't become adopted, just as at other subspecies. They shall be named here just as an example of the terminological chaos which exists because of double and multiple naming in many cases in raceology of man: Homo sapiens indoeuropaeus, var. oxianojaxartensis (OSHANIN); Homo sapiens indoeuropaeus var. turkestanica centralis, subvar. iranoides brachycephalica (OSHANIN); Homo sapiens indoeuropaeus var. pamiro ferganica (YARKHO 1933); Homo sapiens indoeuropaeus brachymorphus pamiriensis (GIUFFRIDA-RUGGERI 1912), Homo sapiens europaeus pamiriensis (v. EICKSTEDT 1937). N. B. According to the rules of nomenclature, there are in fact trinary names designated for subspecies (e. g. homo sapiens europaeus), but no further additions for the naming of infrasubspecifical categories. Thus all of these Latin names cannot claim validity in the sense of nomenclature rules.'' |
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</blockquote> |
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The latter usage implies the existence of a Turanid [[race (classification of human beings)|racial type]] or "minor race", subtype of the Europid race<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=01LfoBC6jZkC&pg=PA32&dq=turanid+race&lr=&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=turanid%20race&f=false Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination, Environment, development, and public policy, George Eaton Simpson, John Milton Yinger, Springer, 1985, ISBN 0306417774, p.32.]</ref> with Mongoloid admixtures, situated at the boundary of the distribution of the [[Mongolid]] and [[Europid]] "great races".<ref>''American anthropologist'', American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 |
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v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.</ref> |
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The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in [[Pan-Turkism]] or "[[Turanism]]" in the late 19th to 20th century. A "Turkish race" was proposed as an [[Europid]] subtype in European literature of the period. |
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This literature was absorbed by the Ottoman elite, and was partly even translated into [[Ottoman Turkish]], contributing to the idea of an essence of "[[Turkishness]]" (''Türklük'') the honour of which came to be protected under Turkish law until the revision of [[Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)|article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code]] in April 2008. |
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The most influential of these sources were ''Histoire Générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et autres Tartares Occidenteaux'' (1756-1758) by [[Joseph de Guignes]] (1721-1800) , and ''Sketches of Central Asia'' (1867) by [[Arminius Vambéry]] (1832-1913), which was on the common origins of Turkic groups as belonging to one race, but subdivided according to physical traits and customs, and ''l’histoire de l’Asie'' (1896) by [[Leon Cahun]] (1841-1900), which stressed the role of Turks in "carrying civilization to Europe", as a part of greater "Turanid race" that included the Uralic and Altaic speaking peoples more generally.<ref> Gülden z Kibris, ''Creating Turkishness: An Examination of Turkish Nationalism through Gök-Börü'', Sabanci University (2005)[http://digital.sabanciuniv.edu/tezler/etezfulltext/kibrisg.pdf]</ref> There was also an ideology of [[Hungarian Turanism]] in Hungarian fascism. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Paleoeuropeans | Paleoeuropeans]] |
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* [[Yaghnobi_people|Yaghnobi people]] |
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* [[Pamir-Fergana race|Pamir-Fergana race]] |
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*[[Turanian]] |
*[[Turanian]] |
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*[[Iranid]] |
*[[Iranid]] |
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*[[Turanism]] |
*[[Turanism]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*Leon Cahun ''L’histoire de l’Asie'' (1896). |
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{{Historical definitions of race}} |
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[[Category:Historical definitions of race]] |
[[Category:Historical definitions of race]] |
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Revision as of 23:59, 10 April 2010
Turanid race is a synonym of Pamirid race and is a Europid race, which is dominant in the Southern part of Central Asia.
German anthropologist Egon von Eickstedt differed in Turanid race: Pamirid race and Aralid race. Together Aralid and Pamirid form the Turanid race. In its pure, unmixed form, Turanid is a Pamirid and is fully Europid, while in mixed form with mongolids, Turanid is called Aralid.
Pamirid race is a synonym and a basic form of Turanid. This fully Europid form is common to the Tajiks. Some of the Pamirids have features, which put them close to the Alpine race (Central Europeans brown haired, brachycephalic race), while others have Dinaric or Armenoid features. Turanid/Pamirid race was dominant in Central Asia before expansion of mongoloids.
Turanid/ Pamirid mixed with mongoloid is know as Aralid. Aralids are Europid-Mongolid hybrids and Turanid/ Pamirid is their Europid base. Aralid type is common to Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kyrgyzs. Europid base is strongest and dominate among most of Uzbeks, while mongoloid elements dominate in Kyrgyzs and Kazakhs. Kyrgyzs are more mongoloid than Kazakhs, but both have Europid admixture that make them different from nearby living Mongols or Burayts.
In the Soviet Union, the name “Pamir-Fergana race” was used to describe fully Europid Pamirid type of the Turanid (as well as slightly mixed Pamirid type, which is common to Uzbeks). While mixed Turanid, which is known as “Aralid”, was called- “South Siberian race”
In the South of Central Asia, Turkmen are different from such brachycephalic (short-headed) Europid-Mongolid hybrid people like Uzbeks. Turkmen being Europid-Mongolid hybrids are characteristically dolichocephalic (long-headed)- feature they inherited from nearby living Europid Iranians (Orientalid (Iranid), according to von Eickstedt .)
Turanid as Europid-Mongolid hybrid
G. Montandon, Keith and Egon von Eickstedt described Turanid as a fully Europid type. Despite the fact that the term Turanid means fully Europid race of Central Asia (Pamirids) and only in mixed form with mongoloid it becomes a hybrid Aralid race, many scholars used the term “Turanid” to describe Europid-Mongolid hybrids. Saying in other words, many scholars used the term “Turanid” as a synonym of von Eickstedt’s “Aralid”. Moreover, if the term Turanid (and its derivatives- Pamirid and Aralid) was used to describe peoples of Central Asian region only, many scholars used this term to describe hybrid peoples all over the world. This created a huge confusion and a terminological chaos in the international scientific literature.
From Ilse Schwidetzky, Grundlagen der Rassensystematik (Mannheim - Vienna - Zürich 1974), p. 120-122:
Also at the most eastern wing of the European brachymorphics in Asia, there are more differences in terminology than in classification, and this confuse the picture: DENIKER spoke first of a "type touranien". He renamed it later in “Race Turko-Tatar”, with Kazakhs and Uzbeks in Turkestan as main representatives, and he placed them to the Mongolids, however with approximation to the Europids. MONTADON (1933) describes them even more emphasized as Europid-Mongolid intermediate race. Meanwhile GIUFFRIDA-RUGGERI (1912, 1921) had pointed out that the south of Turkestan was purely Europid, and he seperated here a “Pamir race”. 1937 then v. EICKSTEDT divided the Turanids in a more Mongolid northern form (Aralids) and a more Europid southern form (Pamirids); but after a more stronger working out of the differences between the Mongolid north and the Europid south of Turkestan the name Turanids went to the Europid form (SCHWIDETZKY 1950), while for the Mongolid populations of Turkestan no new systematic group was made up. (v. EICKSTEDT 1952). Hungarian and other anthropologists however kept the name Turanid for the Mongolid-Europid mixed populations of central Asia (LIPTAK 1955). For the south Turkestanic Europids also the name “Pamir-Fergana race”(YARKHO 1933) is in use, and the Russian anthropologists use today the a bit lengthy name Central Asian Interfluvial type (comp. GINZBURG, 1966), while the different Latin naming didn't become adopted, just as at other subspecies. They shall be named here just as an example of the terminological chaos which exists because of double and multiple naming in many cases in raceology of man: Homo sapiens indoeuropaeus, var. oxianojaxartensis (OSHANIN); Homo sapiens indoeuropaeus var. turkestanica centralis, subvar. iranoides brachycephalica (OSHANIN); Homo sapiens indoeuropaeus var. pamiro ferganica (YARKHO 1933); Homo sapiens indoeuropaeus brachymorphus pamiriensis (GIUFFRIDA-RUGGERI 1912), Homo sapiens europaeus pamiriensis (v. EICKSTEDT 1937). N. B. According to the rules of nomenclature, there are in fact trinary names designated for subspecies (e. g. homo sapiens europaeus), but no further additions for the naming of infrasubspecifical categories. Thus all of these Latin names cannot claim validity in the sense of nomenclature rules.