User:Dr Gangrene/Emigration
The history of migration to and from Luxembourg can be divided into distinct phases.
During the period from 1840 to 1890, Luxembourg was clearly a country of emigration, with a large pre-industrial economy and archaic socio-economic structures.[1] Total net migration (that is, immigrants minus emigrants, regardless of nationality) during this period was minus 66,580.[2] This migration deficit was considerable in a country with a population of 170,000 in 1840 and 210,000 in 1890.[2]
The second major period was from 1890 to 1940; during thus period, the industrial revolution was turning Luxembourg into one of the richest economies in Europe.[1] In this phase, on the whole one can observe a migration balance that is more in equilibrium, which comes from an alternating of strong periods of immigration and emigration.[1] The last 10 years of the 19th century saw decreased emigration to the United States from Luxembourg, and a massive influx of workers into the mining basin in the south of Luxembourg.[2] This influx continued from 1900 to 1914, but those same years also saw the last wave of emigration to America.[2]
After World War II, the phenomenon of emigration from Luxembourg began to die off.[1]
Emigration to neighbouring countries
Emigration to the Americas
Within the first phase mentioned above, there were several highpoints to be mentioned: the periods of 1852-1857, 1866-1873, and 1885-1890 saw emigration to the American continent, particularly the United States, proceed at a strong rate.[1]
The last decade of the 19th century saw decreased emigration to the United States, which was going through an industrial crisis.[2] 1900-1913 was the last big wave of Luxembourgish emigration to the United States.[1] Emigration to America would continue in the interwar period, but to a lesser extent.[1]
From 1843 to 1847, on average 250 passports were issued per year in the Grand Duchy for travel to America.[3] In 1870-1880, the immigration authorities in New York City registered 4,532 Luxembourgers arriving, about 400 per year.[3] In Luxembourg's local government statistics, in 1876-1900 10,126 inhabitants declared that they were emigrating to the United States.[3]
Luxembourgish emigrants to the United States in this period generally settled in a small number of specific locations. Coming from a profoundly rural country, those Luxembourgers in the first wave of emigration settled in Ohio, then for the most part in the Midwestern United States,[4] where pockets of Luxembourgers emerged from the mid-19th century.[5]
References
Bibliography
- Reuter, Antoinette; Scuto, Denis, eds. (1995). Itinéraires croisés. Luxembourgeois à l'étranger, étrangers au Luxembourg. Editions Le Phare.
- Scuto, Denis (1995). "Emigration et immigration au Luxembourg aux XIXe et XXe siècles". In Reuter, Antoinette; Scuto, Denis (eds.). Itinéraires croisés. Luxembourgeois à l'étranger, étrangers au Luxembourg. Editions Le Phare.
- Scuto, Denis (22 May 2021). "70.000 Luxembourgeois aux Etats-Unis au 19e siècle? Bullshit!". Tageblatt (in French). p. 8.
- Wey, Claude (2002). "L'émigration luxembourgeoise vers l'Argentine". Migrance (20): 28–49.
- Wey, Claude (2003). "Luxembourgers in Latin America and the permanent threat of failure". AEMI Journal. 1: 94–105.
- Wey, Claude (2005). "Luxembourg immigrants and their descendants in Argentina 1880-1940". AEMI Journal. 2: 143–150.
- Wey, Claude (2007). "L'histoire des migrations entre le Luxembourg et les Amériques". Retour de Babel. Vol. 2. pp. 262–272.