User:Oughtta Be Otters/sandbox/Book censorship in the united states

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Book censorship, or the removal, suppression, or restricted circulation of literary, artistic, or educational books on the grounds that they are morally or otherwise objectionable, first appeared, in what is now known as the United States, in 1624 in modern-day Quincy, Massachusetts.[1] [2] While specific titles caused bouts of book censorship, with Uncle Tom’s Cabin frequently cited as the first book subject to a national ban, censorship of reading materials and their distribution remained sporadic in the United States until the Comstock Laws in 1873.[3] It was in the early 20th century that book censorship became a more common practice and source of public debate.[4] Throughout the 20th and early 21st centuries there have been waves of attempts at widespread book censorship in the US. Since 2022, the country has seen a dramatic increase of attempted and successful censorship, with a 63% rise in reported cases between 2022 and 2023, including a substantial rise in challenges filed to hundreds of books at a time.[5][6] In recent years, about three-fourths of books subject to censorship in the US are for children, pre-teenagers, and teenagers.[7]

In the debate over book censorship in the United States, “freedom to read” proponents cite traditions and legal precedent building upon the Constitution of the United States, particularly the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments.[8][9][10] Much of the justification for censorship over the years has cenetered on definitions of obscenity and questions about the perceived moral qualities of various books’ content.[11][12][13][14]

Today, the target of book censorship may be either a print, electronic, or audiobook, or a curriculum that includes such sources.[15][5][16] Targeted texts may be held by a business such as a bookstore; a library, either a public library or one located in a school or university; or the school or university as a whole.[17] The entity requesting censorship may be an organization, private individual, or government official.[17]

Several professional organizations oppose book censorship, including the American Library Association (ALA), the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), the American Booksellers Association, and more. [18][19][20] Organizations that support book censorship include Moms for Liberty, No Left Turn for Education, and MassResistance.[21][14] [22][13]

Definition and terminology[edit]

Book censorship is the removal, suppression, or restricted circulation of literary, artistic, or educational material – of images, ideas, and information in book form – on the grounds that these are morally or otherwise objectionable according to the standards applied by the individual requesting the censorship.[1] Book censorship refers specifically to attempts to remove or curtail access to a work for a whole population – such as all the children at a school or all the patrons of a public library – and does not include an individual’s decision that a book is not appropriate for themselves or their own children.[23]

Book censorship can take a number of forms. Scholar Emily Knox specifies four types of "active" censorship:

  1. Removal: abolishing certain books from the library, classroom, or bookstore shelves;
  2. Relocation: such as creating an "adults only" section of a library;
  3. Restriction: such as keeping a book in an inaccessable place unless someone gets special permission to view it; and
  4. Redaction: striking through or covering sections of materials so they cannot be seen by readers.[24]

Book censorship has often been initiated by a book “challenge,” or a request to remove a book from a library or other location.[25] Many libraries and other educational institutions have “reconsideration policies” in place that lay out how to file a challenge and what will happen after one has been filed.[26] These policies exist to make the challenge process transparent and consistent and to support due process.[26] Usually an administrator or a committee will consider the challenge and the text, and make a determination.[27] If the challenge is supported by the reconsideration process, the book will be removed from the library collection, school, etc.[28] A “banned book” is one that has been "removed from a library, classroom, etc."[25] Since 2021, the rise in book challenges nationwide has had a "chilling effect," leading to increased self-censorship (Knox calls this "passive censorship") by many institutions, often at the level of school districts.[24][28] Additionally, as of 2024, there has been an increase in state and local legislation that normalizes removal, but also relocation and restriction, of books in libraries, schools, and other settings.[29]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Reichman, Henry (1993). Censorship and Selection: Issues and Answers for Schools. Revised. Chicago: ALA Books. ISBN 978-0-8389-0798-6.
  2. ^ Whitacre, Lindsay. "Research Guides: Banned Books: History of Book Banning". guides.library.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  3. ^ Blakemore, Erin (2023-04-24). "The history of book bans—and their changing targets—in the U.S." National Geographic. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  4. ^ Brady, Amy (2016-09-22). "The History (and Present) of Banning Books in America". Literary Hub. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  5. ^ a b Italie, Hillel. "New censorship report finds that over 4,000 books were targeted in US libraries in 2023". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  6. ^ Smith, Tovia (2024-03-14). "American Library Association report says book challenges soared in 2023". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  7. ^ Creamer, Ella (2023-09-22). "'Eating away at democracy': book bans in US public schools rise by a third in a year". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  8. ^ American Library Association (2008-06-13). "First Amendment and Censorship". American Library Association. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  9. ^ "The Freedom to Read | ACLU of Oregon". www.aclu-or.org. 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  10. ^ "From Iowa to Florida, national lawsuits against local book bans begin to gain traction". Los Angeles Times. 2024-01-11. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  11. ^ Steele, Jennifer. (2020). A History of Censorship in the United States. Journal of Intellectual Freedom and Privacy. 5. 6-19.
  12. ^ "Banned Book FAQ". American Library Asociation. 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  13. ^ a b Wood, Sarah (2022-05-17). "Book Bans: What to Know". US News and World Report. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  14. ^ a b Schaper, Arthur (2023-05-20). "Op-ed: MassResistance continues fight". News and Sentinel (Parkersburg, WV). Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  15. ^ Ferri, Catherine E. (2024-02-26). "Book Banning Goes Digital: Libraries Suspending Their E-Book Services and the Complications It Poses for First Amendment Doctrine" (PDF). Stanford Technology Law Review. 27: 127–179.
  16. ^ Gadd, Chris (2022-09-19). "Williamson County library backs 'Banned Book Week' after schools remove book". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  17. ^ a b Webb, Susan L. (2023-08-08). "Book Banning". The Free Speech Center at Middle Tennissee State University. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  18. ^ "Freedom to Teach: Statement against Banning Books". National Council of Teachers of English. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  19. ^ CARMICHAEL, J (2023-10-11). "Books for All: Protect the Freedom to Read in Your Community". American Library Association. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  20. ^ "Banned Books Week". the American Booksellers Association. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  21. ^ Jacques, Melissa (2024-04-08). "Pornography in school libraries? Moms for Liberty shares Ryan Walters' cause célèbre". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  22. ^ Pendharkar, Eesha (2022-09-19). "Who's Behind the Escalating Push to Ban Books? A New Report Has Answers". Education Week. ISSN 0277-4232. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  23. ^ "Access to Library Resources and Services for Minors: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights". American Library Association. 2006-07-26. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  24. ^ a b Knox, Emily J.M. (2022). Foundations of Intellectual Freedom. United States: American Library Association. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9780838937457.
  25. ^ a b "Banned Books Home – Marshall Libraries". Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  26. ^ a b Dawkins, April M; Eidson, Emily C (2021). "A Content Analysis of District School Library Selection Policies in the United States" (PDF). School Library Research. 24: 1–27 – via ERIC.
  27. ^ Blunt, Johnnie Romon. "Book Challenges in School & Public Libraries: Identifying Frequently Challenged Books". University of Northern Iowa. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  28. ^ a b Yorio, Kara. "Censorship Attempts Will Have a Long-lasting Impact on School Library Collections, SLJ Survey Shows". School Library Journal. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  29. ^ "Legislation of Concern in 2023". EveryLibrary. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
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