Étard reaction
The Étard reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the direct oxidation of an aromatic or heterocyclic bound methyl group to an aldehyde using chromyl chloride.[1][2][3] It is named for the French chemist Alexandre Léon Étard (5 January 1852, Alençon – 1 May 1910). For example, toluene can be oxidized to benzaldehyde:
Reaction Mechanism
The reaction mechanism proceeds via an ene reaction with chromyl chloride, forming the precipitated Étard complex. The Étard complex is then decomposed by a [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement under reducing conditions to prevent further oxidation to a carboxylic acid. Reducing conditions for the decomposition of the Étard complex are provided by saturated aqueous sodium sulphite. Typical solvents for the reaction include carbon disulfide, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, with carbon tetrachloride being the most common. To obtain a highly purified aldehyde product, the Étard complex precipitate is often purified before decomposition in order to prevent reaction with any unreacted reagent. The reaction is normally carried out for a few days to several weeks and the yields are high.[4][5]
Limitations
The Étard reaction is most commonly used as a relatively easy method of converting toluene into benzaldehyde. Obtaining specific aldehyde products from reagents other than toluene tends to be difficult due to rearrangements. For example, n-propylbenzene is oxidized to propiophenone, benzyl methyl ketone, and several chlorinated products, with benzyl methyl ketone being the major product.[6][7] Another example arises from the Étard reaction of trans-decalin which results in a mixture of trans-9-decalol, spiro [4.5]decan-6-one, trans-1-decalone, cis-1-decalone, 9,10-octal-1-one, and 1-tetralone.[8]
Other oxidation reagents like potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate oxidize to the more stable carboxylic acids.
Uses
Oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde is quite a useful conversion. Benzaldehyde is routinely used for its almond flavor. The aldehyde is comparatively reactive and readily participates in aldol condensations. Benzaldehyde can serve as a precursor for various compounds, including dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. For example, the first step in the synthesis of ephedrine is condensation of benzaldehyde with nitroethane [citation needed]. Additionally, benzaldehyde is instrumental in the synthesis of phentermine.[9] Unlike other oxidising agents(like KMnO4 or Cr2O3 etc. ), chromyl chloride does not oxidise aldehyde to carboxylic acid.
References
- ^ Étard, A. (1880). "Sur la synthèse des cétones aromatiques; essence de cumin". Comptes-rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 90: 534. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^
Étard, A. (1881). "Recherches sur le rôle oxydant de l'acide chlorochromique". Annales de Chimie et de Physique (in French). 22: 218–286. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^
Hartford, W. H. and Darrin, M. (1958). "The Chemistry Of Chromyl Compounds". Chemical Reviews. 58: 1–61. doi:10.1021/cr50019a001.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Necsoiu, I.; Balaban, A. T.; Pascaru, I.; Sliam, E.; Elian, M.; and Nenitzescu, C. D. (1963). "The mechanism of the Étard reaction". Tetrahedron. 19 (7): 1133–1142. doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(01)98572-2.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wheeler, Owen H. (1958). "Étard Reaction: I. Its Scope and Limitation with Substituted Toluenes". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 36: 667–670. doi:10.1139/v58-093. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Renţea, C. N.; Necşoiu, I.; Renţes, M.; Ghenciulescu, A. and Nenitzescu, C. D. (1966). "Étard reaction—III: Oxidation of N-propylbenzene and methylcyclohexane with chromyl chloride". Tetrahedron. 22 (10): 3501–3513. doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(01)92538-4.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wiberg, K. B.; Marshall, B. and Foster, G. (1962). "Some observations on the Étard reaction". Tetrahedron Letters. 3 (8): 345–348. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)70878-1.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Renţea, C. N.; Renţea, M.; Necşoiu, I. and Nenitzescu, C. D. (1968). "Étard reaction—VI: Oxidation of cis and trans-decaline with chromyl chloride". Tetrahedron. 24 (13): 4667–4676. doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(01)98663-6.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vardanyan, Ruben S. and Hruby, Victor J. (2006). Synthesis of Essential Drugs (first ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-444-52166-8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)