View source for 1117 Verona earthquake

{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=it|otherarticle=Terremoto di Verona del 1117|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox earthquake
|title              = 1117 Verona earthquake
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{{Location map | Alps| relief=1
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|local-date         = {{Start-date|3 January 1117}}
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|magnitude          = ''[[Seismic magnitude scales#Other magnitude scales|M]]'' 6.5–7.0
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|intensity          = {{MMI|IX}}
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[[File:Verona Arena Crown Remanant.jpg|thumb|The remnant of the outer wall of the Arena di Verona.]]
An [[earthquake]], rated at IX (''Violent'') on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]], struck [[northern Italy]] and [[Germany]] on 3 January [[1117 in Italy|1117]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Carlo Doglioni|display-authors=etal|date=20 January 2017|title=Conference on the great 1117 Veronese earthquake (see intensity map)|url=https://armedea.wordpress.com/2017/02/10/conference-on-the-great-1117-veronese-earthquake-venice-20th-january-2017/|website=Archaeology of Medieval Earthquakes in Europe}}</ref><ref>Guidoboni E., Comastri A., 2005. '''''[https://emidius.mi.ingv.it/ASMI/study/GUICO005 Catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the Mediterranean area from the 11th to the 15th century]'''''. INGV-SGA, Bologna, 1037 pp. (see the table at the link)</ref> The [[epicentre]] of the first shock was near [[Verona]], the [[city]] which suffered the most damage. The outer wall of the [[Verona Arena]] partially collapsed, and the standing portion was damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. After the first shock of 3 January, [[seismic activity]] persisted for months, striking on 12 January 4 June, 1 July 1 October, and 30 December.

== Geology ==
The earthquake, estimated at magnitude 6.5–7.0, was the largest in northern Italy. Its effects in the Verona region was devastating. The assigned maximum intensity on the MCS scale was IX. Damage in southern Germany and [[Pisa]] were initially attributed to this single event in the works of early scholars, however, they are now widely accepted that three distinct earthquakes occurred within the span of several hours. The first earthquake affected the towns of Augsburg, Dissibodenberg, Freising, Petershausen, Saint Blasien and Zwiefalten of Germany, and Melk and Salzburg in Austria. In Augsburg, several cantle collapsed. The collapse of a tower killed an unspecified number of people. The epicenter of this estimated magnitude 6.4 shock was in southern Germany. The earthquake that affected Verona occurred some 12 or 13 hours after the southern Germany event. A possible third shock occurred near [[Pisa]] with an epicenter area likely in the [[Serchio]] Valley. This shock toppled many towers and infrstructure. The timing of this event coincided with the Verona shock, however, there remains an uncertainty if this was truly a separate event. The maximum seismic intensity assigned was VII-VIII on the MCS scale. This earthquake was preceded by a non-damaging foreshock early in the morning.<ref name="Guidoboni5">{{cite journal|last1=Guidoboni|first1=Emanuela|last2=Comastri|first2=Alberto|last3=Boschi|first3=Enzo|title=The "exceptional" earthquake of 3 January 1117 in the Verona area (northern Italy): A critical time review and detection of two lost earthquakes (lower Germany and Tuscany)|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|date=2005|volume=110|issue=B12|doi=10.1029/2005JB003683|bibcode=2005JGRB..11012309G}}</ref>

== Damage ==
The earthquake in Verona in 1117 was the strongest recorded in the history of northern Italy.<ref name=":0" /><ref>.Emanuela Guidoboni, Alberto Comastri, Enzo Boschi, 2005. “[https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2005JB003683 The exceptional earthquake of 3 January 1117 in the Verona area (northern Italy): A critical time review and detection of two lost earthquakes (lower Germany and Tuscany)]. Journal of Geophisical Research, 110 pp. 1–20</ref> It was not only felt in Verona, but across northern Italy, from [[Cividale]] to [[Pavia]], south to [[Pisa]] and north to [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ips.it/scuola/concorso/terremoti/home4.htm|title=Classificazione dei terremoti|language=it|trans-title=Earthquake Classification}}</ref> Outside of Verona, the most damaged areas were [[Milan]], [[Bergamo]], [[Brescia]], [[Venice]], [[Treviso]], [[Modena]], [[Parma]], and [[Cremona]]. The main churches of [[Padua]] all suffered major damage. News of the earthquake reached [[Montecassino]] and [[Reims]].<ref>Emanuela Guidoboni-Enzo Boschi (1989), "I grandi terremoti medioevali in Italia," ''Le Scienze'', '''249'''.</ref> The Milanese chronicler [[Landolfo Iuniore]] reported that the church [[synod]]s needed to be carried out in the open air due to the destruction. In [[Germany]], damage was also extensive. The [[Michaelskirche]] in [[Bamberg]], the [[abbey]] at [[Brauweiler]], and buildings in [[Rottenburg am Neckar]], [[Konstanz|Constance]], [[Meersburg]], and [[Fénis]] were all reported damaged.<ref>Thomas Glade, Malcolm Anderson, Michael J. Crozier (2005), ''Landslide Hazard and Risk'' (John Wiley and Sons, {{ISBN|0-471-48663-9}}), 261.</ref> Many [[Church (building)|churches]], [[Monastery|monasteries]], and ancient [[Monument|monuments]] were destroyed or seriously damaged in Verona itself, eliminating much of Verona's [[Pre-Romanesque architecture|early medieval architecture]] and providing space for a massive [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] [[rebuilding]].<ref>G. Solinas (1981), ''Storia di Verona'' (Verona: Centro Rinascita), 244. The late eight- or early ninth-century ''[[Versus de Verona]]'' contains a now indispensable description of Verona's early medieval architecture, including Roman ruins.</ref> In the province of Veneto, many churches were severely damaged: in [[Brescia]], Cremona, in the northern part of the [[Emilia-Romagna|Emilia]] plain and along the central route of the [[Adige River|Adige river]], and partial collapse of churches in [[Padua]], [[Piacenza]], Parma, and Modena.<ref>.Emanuela Guidoboni, Alberto Comastri, Enzo Boschi, 2005. “[https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2005JB003683 The exceptional earthquake of 3 January 1117 in the Verona area (northern Italy): A critical time review and detection of two lost earthquakes (lower Germany and Tuscany)]. Journal of Geophisical Research, 110: p11</ref>

==See also==
*[[Church of San Giovanni in Valle]]
*[[List of earthquakes in Italy]]
*[[List of historical earthquakes]]
*[[Verona Arena]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

'''Sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|title=The "exceptional" earthquake of 3 January 1117 in the Verona area (northern Italy): A critical time review and detection of two lost earthquakes (lower Germany and Tuscany)|year=2005|first1=E.|last1=Guidoboni|first2=S.|last2=Comastri|first3=E.|last3=Boschi|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]]|volume=110|issue=B12309|doi=10.1029/2005JB003683|bibcode=2005JGRB..11012309G|doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?00035EN Page on the 1117 Verona earthquake] from the CFTI5 Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) Guidoboni E., Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Comastri A., Tarabusi G., Sgattoni G., Valensise G. (2018) (in Italian)

{{Earthquakes in Italy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verona earthquake}}
[[Category:12th-century earthquakes]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Italy|1117 Verona]]
[[Category:1117 in Europe]]
[[Category:12th century in Italy]]
[[Category:1110s in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:History of Verona]]