View source for 1980 Massachusetts Proposition 2½

{{Short description|Referendum limiting taxation}}
{{ElectionsMA}}
{{UStaxation}}
'''Proposition 2½''' ({{M.G.L.|59|21C}}) is a [[Massachusetts]] [[statute]] that limits [[property tax]] assessments and, secondarily, [[Road tax|automobile excise tax]] levies by Massachusetts municipalities. The name of the initiative refers to the 2.5% ceiling on total property taxes annually as well as the 2.5% limit on property tax increases. It was passed by [[ballot measure]],<ref name="'70s 325">{{cite book|title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|author-link= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page= [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/325 325]|url= https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/325|url-access= registration}}</ref> specifically called an [[initiative petition]] within Massachusetts state law for any form of referendum voting, in 1980 and went into effect in 1982.  The effort to enact the proposition was led by the anti-tax group Citizens for Limited Taxation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthmagazine.org/Article-Import-Latest/1996/Summer/The-Odd-Proposition.aspx|title=The Odd Proposition|first=Dave|last=Denison|date=Summer 1996|work=Commonwealth Magazine|access-date=2011-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607122738/http://www.commonwealthmagazine.org/Article-Import-Latest/1996/Summer/The-Odd-Proposition.aspx|archive-date=2012-06-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is similar to other "tax revolt" measures passed around the same time in other parts of the [[United States]]. This particular proposition followed the movements of states such as California.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=LADD|first1=HELEN F.|last2=WILSON|first2=JULIE BOATRIGHT|title=Why Voters Support Tax Limitations: Evidence from Massachusetts' Proposition 2-1/2|date=1982-01-01|jstor=41862431|journal=National Tax Journal|volume=35|issue=2|pages=121–148|doi=10.1086/NTJ41862431|s2cid=232212231}}</ref>

==Voting==
Proposition 2½ appeared with five other initiatives presented to Massachusetts voters on November 4, 1980. It was question 2 on the ballot, "Limiting local taxes (Proposition 2 1/2)".<ref name=SecState/>

{| class=wikitable
!Response
!Votes
!%
|- 
| '''Yes'''
| align="right" | 1,438,768
| align="right" | 56%
|- 
| No
| align="right" | 988,839
| align="right" | 40%
|- 
| ''blank''
| align="right" | 129,060
| align="right" | 5%
|}
Source:<ref name=SecState>{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elebalm/balmresults.html#year1980 |title=Statewide Ballot Questions — Statistics by Year: 1980 |website=sec.state.ma.us |access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref>

==Real and personal property taxes==   
{{Out-of-date|section|date=April 2022}}
Under Proposition 2½, a municipality is subject to two property tax limits:
# '''Ceiling:''' The total annual property tax revenue raised by a municipality shall not exceed 2.5% of the assessed value of all taxable property contained in it.
# '''Increase limit:''' The annual increase of property tax cannot exceed 2.5%, plus the amount attributable to taxes that are from new real property.

These limits refer to the entire amount of the annual tax levy raised by a municipality.  The property taxes are the sum of: (a) residential [[real property]]; (b) commercial real property; (c) industrial real property; and (d) business-owned [[personal property]]. In practice, it usually limits the tax bills of individual taxpayers, but only as an indirect result. The limits for each community are calculated by the Massachusetts Department of Revenue.{{fact|date=March 2021}}

A side effect of Proposition 2½ is that municipality income will decline in real terms whenever inflation rises above 2.5%. Historically inflation has been above 2.5% for a significant majority of the years since 1980 (22 out of the 28 years to date), thus resulting in a real decline in local tax rates and local spending ability.

An exception allows the citizens of each municipality to override the 2½ restriction to address specific needs of the community thus giving the citizens direct control over their taxation.

==Vehicle excise tax==
The [[Road tax|excise tax]] for automobiles registered in Massachusetts was also lowered by Proposition 2½.  Previously, this tax was levied at a rate of $66.00 per $1,000 of car valuation (6.6%). Proposition 2½ lowered this rate to $25.00 per $1,000 of car valuation, resulting in a 2½ per cent excise tax rate,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mccormack.umb.edu/dean/docs/IssueBook/prop2half.html |title=Proposition 2 1/2 |first=Susanne |last=Tompkins |publisher=McCormack Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314114059/http://www.mccormack.umb.edu/dean/docs/IssueBook/prop2half.html |archive-date=March 14, 2007 }}</ref> but can still increase 264%, to the previous 6.6% tax rate if a Proposition 2½ operational override (see below) is approved by ballot in a community during a general (or special referendum) election.

==Exclusions==
Proposition 2½ excludes four cases from the limitation on tax levy increases:

* "'''New growth'''": The Act allows for new growth.  So, for example, when a new house is built, the tax levy may increase by the amount of taxes collected from that house.

And three types of exclusions granted by the majority of those voting in a municipal referendum:

* "'''Capital exclusion'''": Capital expenditure for the upcoming fiscal year;<ref>[https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIX/Chapter59/Section21C Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 59 § 21C(i{{frac|1|2}})], via Malegislature.gov</ref>
* "'''Debt exclusion'''": For pre-1980 municipal debt or new debt issued for a designated purpose (e.g. [[bond (finance)|bonds]] issued for a multi-year capital expense);<ref>[https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIX/Chapter59/Section21C Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 59 § 21C(j,k)], via Malegislature.gov</ref> or
* '''Water/sewer debt''': For certain water and sewer system debt.<ref>[https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIX/Chapter59/Section21C Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 59 § 21C(n)], via Malegislature.gov</ref>

==Overrides and underrides==
Municipalities may exceed or reduce the limits with the prior approval of the majority of those voting in a municipal referendum:
* "'''Operational override'''": Override the increase limit.<ref>[https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIX/Chapter59/Section21C Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 59 § 21C(g)], via Malegislature.gov</ref>
* "'''Underride'''": The levy limit is ''reduced''.  Such a vote can be started by the Massachusetts initiative petition procedure, or the municipal legislature.<ref>[https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIX/Chapter59/Section21C Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 59 § 21C(h)], via Malegislature.gov</ref>

The proposition originally required a two-thirds majority for passage of overrides, but the state legislature changed this to a simple majority in 1981.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WzphyK48eYC&pg=PA64|title=State-local Relations: A Partnership Approach|first=Joseph F.|last=Zimmerman|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=1995|isbn=978-0-275-95235-8}}</ref>

==General consensus==
A professional survey firm conducted half-hour phone interviews in 58 randomly selected cities in Massachusetts where 1,561 household heads answer questions about Proposition 2½. The results of the interview concluded that the people of Massachusetts thought that Proposition 2½ would lead to a more responsible government, more efficiency in local government, and more voter control over schools. The people also thought that public sector jobs would become riskier. Some feared for the loss of their jobs or the decline in quality of them. Another thing people expected were effects on clusters of services. The peoples' household services were feared to be changed greatly. The people of Massachusetts desired spending and taxing by state government, local government, and local public schools more than other places to spend tax dollars. Many people expected Proposition 2½ to lead to welfare reductions. Finally, analysis of the survey shows that voters who expected welfare to be cut back were more likely to support Proposition 2½.<ref>Gist, J. R. (1988), FISCAL AUSTERITY, GRANT STRUCTURES AND LOCAL EXPENDITURE RESPONSE. Policy Studies Journal, 16: 687–712. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb00679.x</ref>

==Results==
Following the mandating of actual revenue reductions within the first couple of years, the effects and results of Proposition 2½ were limited.  The lack of significant changes was due in part to the state government increasing general purpose aid to municipalities, which helped them to stay away from budget shortfalls.  Effective property tax rates declining and an increase in community taxes were a result of various factors including a 64% increase in real estate aid to municipalities between 1981 and 1988, declining school expenses, and a region wide real estate boom. Reduced revenues in the 1980s caused the state to reduce local aid, which fell 12% in 1990, along with over 30% between 1989 and 1992.  Over time, Proposition 2½ would have become more binding due to the fact that it is operated in nominal terms, meaning that the rules it follows do not change in response to prices, costs, or spending.<ref>Bradbury, Katharine and Mayer, Christopher J. and Case, Karl E., Property Tax Limits and Local Fiscal Behavior: Did Massachusetts Cities and Towns Spend Too Little on Town Services under Proposition 2.5 (April 1997).</ref>

== Overrides and underrides ==
{{Update section|date=March 2017}}
{{Asof|January 2009}}, municipalities had requested, via referendum, 4,449 overrides of Proposition 2½, of which 1,798 passed; 16 underrides were requested, of which nine passed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/dor/local-officials/municipal-data-and-financial-management/data-bank-reports/proposition-2-12.html |title=Proposition 2 1/2 |publisher=Massachusetts Department of Revenue |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210074115/http://www.mass.gov/dor/local-officials/municipal-data-and-financial-management/data-bank-reports/proposition-2-12.html |archive-date=December 10, 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[California Proposition 13 (1978)|Proposition 13]], the California tax limitation law that inspired the passage of Proposition 2½.<ref name="'70s 325"/>
* Colorado [[Taxpayer Bill of Rights]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/294017249 |title=PROP 2 1/2: VOTE NO |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |page=1 |date=October 27, 1980 |access-date=March 11, 2018 |url-access=limited |via=pqarchiver.com}} (editorial position)
* {{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18211489/massachusetts_voters_cut_property_taxes/ |title=Massachusetts Voters Cut Property Taxes by 40 Pct. |agency=[[United Press International|UPI]] |newspaper=The Town Talk |location=[[Alexandria, Virginia]] |date=November 5, 1980 |access-date=March 11, 2018 |via=newspapers.com}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mass.gov/dor/docs/dls/publ/misc/levylimits.pdf Levy Limits: A Primer on Proposition 2½] from Massachusetts Dept. of Revenue, Division of Local Services
* {{citation |url=http://roseinstitute.org/initiatives/massachusetts/ |work=Miller-Rose Initiative Database |title=Massachusetts |publisher=[[Claremont McKenna College]] |location=Claremont, CA |author= Rose Institute of State and Local Government |author-link= Rose Institute of State and Local Government |quote=Statewide initiatives adopted by voters...1904 through 2018 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Proposition 2}}
[[Category:1980 in the United States]]
[[Category:Initiatives in the United States]]
[[Category:1980 Massachusetts ballot measures]]
[[Category:Massachusetts statutes]]
[[Category:Taxation in Massachusetts]]