View source for 1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak

{{Short description|Windstorm in Central Florida, USA, on February 22–23, 1998}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox storm
 | name                 = Tornado outbreak of February 21–23, 1998
 | image                = 
 | alt                  = 
 | caption              = 
 | type                 = Tornado outbreak
 | formed               = 
 | active               = February 21–23, 1998
 | dissipated           = 
 | lowest pressure      = 
 | lowest temperature   = 
 | tornadoes            = 15 confirmed
 | fujitascale          = F3
 | tornado duration     = 1 day, 8 hours, 25 minutes
 | highest winds        = 
 | gusts                = 
 | maximum snow         = 
 | power outages        = 
 | fatalities           = 42 fatalities, ≥ 259 injuries
 | damages              = $107.304&nbsp;million (1998 [[United States dollar|USD]])<ref name="NCEI">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=02&beginDate_dd=21&beginDate_yyyy=1998&endDate_mm=02&endDate_dd=23&endDate_yyyy=1998&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999%2CALL Events Reported]}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=Losses|All losses are in 1998 USD unless otherwise noted.}}<br>${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|107,304,000|1998|r=-4}}}} ({{CURRENTYEAR}} USD)
 | affected             = [[Gulf Coastal Plain]] and the [[Interstate 4]] corridor in [[Central Florida]]
 | current advisories   = 
 | enhanced             = no
 | notes                = 
 | partof               = the '''[[Tornadoes of 1998|tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1998]]'''
}}
On February&nbsp;21–23, 1998, a devastating [[tornado outbreak]] affected portions of the Southeastern United States, primarily the U.S. state of Florida. Sometimes known as the '''Night of the Tornadoes''', it was the deadliest [[tornado]] event in Florida history. In all, 15&nbsp;tornadoes touched down, one of which was long lived and tracked for nearly {{convert|40|mi|km}}. Affecting mainly the [[Interstate 4#In politics|Interstate 4 (I-4) corridor]] of [[Central Florida]], including the [[Greater Orlando]] area, the tornadoes—among the strongest ever recorded in Florida—produced [[Fujita scale#Rating classifications|near-violent]] damage, killed 42&nbsp;people, and caused 259&nbsp;injuries.

One&nbsp;of the tornadoes was initially rated an F4 on the Fujita scale—among only two&nbsp;others officially so designated in the State of Florida, in [[Tornado outbreak of April 15, 1958|1958]] and [[Tornado outbreak of April 4–5, 1966|1966]]—but was subsequently downgraded to a high-end F3; with 25&nbsp;fatalities, most of which occurred in and near [[Kissimmee, Florida|Kissimmee]], this tornado featured the deadliest single-tornado death toll in Florida history, the previous such record being 17&nbsp;on [[Tornado outbreak of March 30–31, 1962#Milton, Florida|March&nbsp;31, 1962]]. Two&nbsp;other F3s and a couple of additional strong tornadoes occurred over portions of Central Florida during the outbreak, killing an additional 17&nbsp;people and injuring 109&nbsp;others.

As the most intense activity of the outbreak occurred after sunset, concentrated either shortly prior to or after midnight, and affected densely populated portions of the I-4 corridor, including numerous [[mobile home]] and [[recreational vehicle]] (RV) parks, many sleeping residents became casualties; of the 42&nbsp;deaths, 40&nbsp;occurred in [[manufactured housing]] or [[trailer (vehicle)|trailers]], including 15&nbsp;at the Morningside Acres mobile home park and eight&nbsp;at the Ponderosa RV Park, both of which were located in Kissimmee.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=46}}{{sfn|NOAA|1998|pp=19–20}}<ref name="DeadliestUSTOR">{{cite web |last1=Grazulis |first1=Thomas P. |last2=Grazulis |first2=Doris |title=The United States' Worst Tornadoes |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/worstts.htm |website=The Tornado Project |publisher=Environmental Films |access-date=August 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514002740/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/worstts.htm |archive-date=May 14, 2008 |location=[[St. Johnsbury, Vermont]] |date=April 26, 2000}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=Outbreak|An [[tornado outbreak|outbreak]] is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes; however, the threshold varies slightly according to local climatology. On the Florida peninsula, an outbreak consists of at least four tornadoes occurring relatively synchronously—no more than four hours apart.{{sfn|Hagemeyer|1997|p=400}}{{sfn|Hagemeyer|1997|p=401}}<ref name=Agnes>{{cite conference |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016213739/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/PDFs/agnes30.pdf |archive-date=October 16, 2008 |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/PDFs/agnes30.pdf |title=Thirty Years After Hurricane Agnes: the Forgotten Florida Tornado Disaster |last1=Hagemeyer |first1=Bartlett C. |last2=Spratt |first2=Scott M. |year=2002 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |location=Melbourne, Florida |publication-place=San Diego, California|conference=25th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology |conference-url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/25HURR/webprogram/25HURR.html |access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Grazulis|2001a|p=[https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz/page/206 206]}}}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Fujita|The [[Fujita scale]] was devised under the aegis of scientist [[Ted Fujita|T. Theodore Fujita]] in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.{{sfn|Grazulis|1993|p=141}}{{sfn|Grazulis|2001a|p=[https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz/page/131 131]}} While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the [[Enhanced Fujita scale]] in the U.S. since February&nbsp;1, 2007,<ref name="EFscale">{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Roger|title=Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.html|website=The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)|publisher=Storm Prediction Center|access-date=February 25, 2016|date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> Canada used the old scale until April&nbsp;1, 2013;<ref name="FscaleCanada">{{cite web |title=Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale) |url=https://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=41E875DA-1 |website=Environment and Climate Change Canada |access-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220706/http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=41E875DA-1 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the [[TORRO scale]].<ref name="TORROscale">{{cite web|title=The International Tornado Intensity Scale |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/tscale.php |website=Tornado and Storm Research Organisation |access-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120332/http://www.torro.org.uk/tscale.php |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |year=2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Count|Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.{{sfn|Grazulis|2001a|pp=251–4}} Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.<ref name="TornadoClimaFAQ">{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Roger|title=The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#Climatology|website=Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes|publisher=[[Storm Prediction Center]]|access-date=February 25, 2016|date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced [[NEXRAD]] was first installed and the [[National Weather Service]] began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.{{sfn|Cook|Schaefer|2008|p=3135}}}}

==Background==
On February&nbsp;22, 1998, data from both [[NEXRAD]] and [[weather satellite]]s indicated that a [[bow echo]] and associated [[outflow boundary]] bisected portions of the [[Florida Panhandle]] and [[North Florida|northernmost]] peninsular Florida, including the [[First Coast]]. Along the boundary, a vigorous [[squall line]] with embedded [[supercell]]s—the initial nexus of [[severe weather]]—developed over the eastern [[Gulf of Mexico]] and headed eastward, toward the [[Tampa Bay Area]]. Ahead of the squall line, a retreating [[warm front]] coincided with robust [[atmospheric instability]] due to diurnal heating. By 7:00&nbsp;p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]], a [[low-pressure area]] near [[Mobile, Alabama]], was linked to a [[cold front]] that extended southward, just off the west coast of Florida, while a [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] in the middle to upper [[troposphere]] generated a strong [[Jet stream#Subtropical jet|subtropical jet maximum]] of up to {{convert|140|kn|mi/h km/h|abbr=on}}. This upper-level jet streak intersected a strengthening low-level wind field, with winds locally in excess of {{convert|50|kn|mi/h km/h|abbr=on}} just above the surface, and thereby yielded conducive conditions to [[tornadogenesis]].{{sfn|Sharp|Cristaldi|Spratt|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|NOAA|1998|pp=1–2}}<ref name="CIMSS">{{cite web |editor-last1=Bachmeier |editor-first1=Scott |editor-last2=Wade |editor-first2=Gary S. |title=22–23 February 1998 – Central Florida Tornado Outbreak |url=http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/misc/980222.html |website=[[Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies]] |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |access-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203125615/http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/misc/980222.html |archive-date=February 3, 1999 |location=Madison, Wisconsin}}</ref>

During the evening and the overnight hours of February&nbsp;22–23, 1998, this volatile environment—known to be common in the [[El Niño]] phase of the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation|El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)]] during the Florida dry season (November&nbsp;1 – April&nbsp;30)—eventually produced seven&nbsp;tornadoes between about 11:00&nbsp;p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] on February&nbsp;22 and 2:30&nbsp;am. EST on the following morning. During El Niño the jet stream is typically stronger and displaced southward near or over Florida during meteorological winter and spring, thereby augmenting the likelihood of significant severe weather and tornado activity. During February 1998 [[1997–98 El Niño event|one of the strongest]] El Niño episodes on record was ongoing, rivaling a [[1982–83 El Niño event|similar episode]] in 1982–3 that had also contributed to elevated tornado activity over Florida. By October 1997, the National Weather Service (NWS) in [[Melbourne, Florida]], highlighted the potential for enhanced severe weather over the coming months due to El Niño.<ref name="ElNiño-1">{{cite conference|url= http://innovation.srh.noaa.gov/images/mlb/pdfs/20th_AMS_El_Nino_low_pressure_storminess_severe_weather_Florida_hagemeyer.pdf|title= Development of an index of storminess as a proxy for dry season severe weather in Florida and its relationship with ENSO|last1= Hagemeyer|first1= Barlett C.|access-date=October 7, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140225082459/http://innovation.srh.noaa.gov/images/mlb/pdfs/20th_AMS_El_Nino_low_pressure_storminess_severe_weather_Florida_hagemeyer.pdf|archive-date=February 25, 2014|url-status= dead|conference=20th Conference on Severe Local Storms|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=Melbourne, Florida|publication-place=[[Orlando, Florida]]|year=2000}}</ref><ref name="ElNiño-2">{{cite conference |url= http://www.srh.noaa.gov/images/mlb/pdfs/SignigicantExtratropicalTornadoOccurrencesinFlorida.pdf|title= Significant Extratropical Tornado Occurrences in Florida During Strong El Niño and Strong La Niña Events|last1=Hagemeyer|first1=Barlett C.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225082455/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/images/mlb/pdfs/SignigicantExtratropicalTornadoOccurrencesinFlorida.pdf|archive-date=February 25, 2014|conference=19th Conference on Severe Local Storms|accessdate=October 7, 2021|publication-place=[[Minneapolis]]|publisher=National Weather Service|location=Melbourne, Florida|year=1998}}</ref>{{sfn|Sharp|Cristaldi|Spratt|1998|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|NOAA|1998|pp=12, 21}}

By 6:00&nbsp;am. EST (11:00&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) on February&nbsp;22, the [[Storm Prediction Center]] (SPC) had issued a convective outlook for day one&nbsp;indicating a [[Storm Prediction Center#Categories|moderate risk]] of severe [[thunderstorm]]s capable of producing tornadoes over portions of North and Central Florida. At 11:55&nbsp;am. EST (16:55&nbsp;UTC), the NWS in Melbourne also issued a Hazardous Weather Outlook (HWO) highlighting a "significant" threat of tornadoes, [[hail]], and destructive winds. By 1:44&nbsp;pm. EST (18:44&nbsp;UTC), the SPC issued its first [[tornado watch]] covering portions of the threatened area in Central Florida. Numerous, long-lived supercells with persistent [[mesocyclone]]s would eventually evolve during the evening and track generally east-northeastward or northeastward over Central Florida, generating tornadoes that killed 42&nbsp;people and seriously injured at least 259&nbsp;others, making the outbreak the deadliest in Florida's history, surpassing another that killed 17&nbsp;people on March&nbsp;31, 1962, in [[Santa Rosa County, Florida|Santa Rosa County]].<ref name="Chronology">{{cite web |title=The 22–23 February 1998 East-Central Florida Tornado Outbreak Chronology of Events |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/sep98/Chronology.htm |website=NWS WFO Melbourne, Florida |publisher=National Weather Service |access-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020227225245/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/sep98/Chronology.htm |archive-date=February 27, 2002 |location=Melbourne, Florida |date=September 1998}}</ref><ref name="CaseStudy">{{cite web |title=NSSL SWAT Case Study – 23 February 1998 Central Florida Tornadoes |url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/swat/Cases/980223/case.html |website=[[National Severe Storms Laboratory]] |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202103947/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/swat/Cases/980223/case.html |archive-date=December 2, 1998 |location=Norman, Oklahoma}}</ref>{{sfn|NOAA|1998|p=5}}<ref name=NWSMLB-1998>{{cite web|title=The Central Florida Tornado Outbreak of February 22nd & 23rd, 1998|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/?n=022398|website=National Weather Service Weather [[List of National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices|Forecast Office]] Melbourne, Florida|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=Melbourne, Florida|date=November 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528073258/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/?n=022398|archive-date=May 28, 2010|accessdate=October 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name="MLB">{{cite conference|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616232803/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/16thwaf.html|archive-date=June 16, 2004|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/16thwaf.html|title=1.2 Significant Tornado Events Associated with Tropical and Hybrid Cyclones in Florida|last1=Hagemeyer|first1=Bartlett C.|year=1998|publisher=American Meteorological Society|location=Melbourne, Florida|publication-place=[[Phoenix, Arizona]]|conference=16th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting|conference-url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38240702|access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bartlett">{{cite conference|last1=Hagemeyer|first1=Bartlett C.|last2=Hodanish|first2=Stephen J.|year=1995|publisher=American Meteorological Society|location=Melbourne, Florida|publication-place=Miami|conference=21st Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/hurtor.html|title=Florida Tornado Outbreaks Associated With Tropical Cyclones|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617050828/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/hurtor.html|archive-date=June 17, 2008|conference-url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32553610|access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref>

==Outbreak statistics==
{| class="wikitable"  style="float:left; margin:10px;"
|+Impacts by region
|-
!Region
!Locale
!Deaths
!Injuries
!Damages
!Source
|-
! rowspan="4" |United States
| rowspan="1" |[[Alabama]]
| 0 || 0 || {{nts|75,000|prefix=$}} ||<ref name="NCEIAL">Multiple sources:
*{{harvnb|Storm Data|1998|pp=8–9}}
*{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=02&beginDate_dd=21&beginDate_yyyy=1998&endDate_mm=02&endDate_dd=23&endDate_yyyy=1998&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=01%2CALABAMA Events Reported]}}
</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |Florida
| 42 || 259 || {{nts|107,224,000|prefix=$}} ||<ref name="NCEIFL">Multiple sources:
*{{harvnb|Storm Data|1998|pp=45–7, 50, 60}}
*{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=02&beginDate_dd=21&beginDate_yyyy=1998&endDate_mm=02&endDate_dd=23&endDate_yyyy=1998&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=12%2CFLORIDA Events Reported]}}
</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| 0 || 0 || {{nts|5,000|prefix=$}} ||<ref name="NCEIGA">Multiple sources:
*{{harvnb|Storm Data|1998|p=62}}
*{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=02&beginDate_dd=21&beginDate_yyyy=1998&endDate_mm=02&endDate_dd=23&endDate_yyyy=1998&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=13%2CGEORGIA Events Reported]}}
</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Texas]]
| 0 || 0 || {{unk}} ||<ref name="NCEITX">Multiple sources:
*{{harvnb|Storm Data|1998|p=144}}
*{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=02&beginDate_dd=21&beginDate_yyyy=1998&endDate_mm=02&endDate_dd=23&endDate_yyyy=1998&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=48%2CTEXAS Events Reported]}}
</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
! colspan="" |42
! colspan="" |259
! colspan="" |{{nts|107,304,000|prefix=$}}
! colspan="" |<ref name="NCEITotal">Multiple sources:
*{{harvnb|Storm Data|1998}}
*{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=02&beginDate_dd=21&beginDate_yyyy=1998&endDate_mm=02&endDate_dd=23&endDate_yyyy=1998&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999%2CALL Events Reported]}}
</ref>
|}
{{clear}}

==Confirmed tornadoes==
{{Tornado Chart | Total=15 | F0=7 | F1=3 | F2=2 | F3=3 | F4=0 | F5=0}}
{{clear}}

===February&nbsp;21 event===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+ Confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, February 21, 1998{{refn|group=nb|name=Date/Time|All dates are based on the local [[time zone]] where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in [[Coordinated Universal Time]] and dates are split at midnight [[Central Time Zone|CST/CDT]] for consistency.}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Width|Prior to 1994, only the average widths of tornado paths were officially listed.{{sfn|Brooks|2004|p=310}}}}
|-
! scope="col"  style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Fujita scale|F#]]
! scope="col"  style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|Location
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|County / Parish
! scope="col"  style="width:5%; text-align:center;"|State
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Start<br>{{abbr|coord.|Coordinates}}
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Path length
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|{{abbr|Max.|Maximum}} width
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:48%; text-align:center;"|Summary
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|storm}} | F0
|N of [[Santa Cruz, Duval County, Texas|Santa Cruz]]
|[[Duval County, Texas|Duval]]
|[[Texas|TX]]
|{{coord|27.42|-98.27|name=Santa Cruz (February&nbsp;21, F0)}}
|23:05–?
|{{convert|0.1|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|10|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|A brief tornado was reported south of [[Rios, Texas|Rios]].{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=144}}<ref name="NCEISantaCruz">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5634258 #5634258]}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|storm}} | F0
|S of [[San Diego, Texas|San Diego]]
|[[Duval County, Texas|Duval]]
|[[Texas|TX]]
|{{coord|27.70|-98.25|name=San Diego (February&nbsp;21, F0)}}
|23:18–?
|{{convert|0.1|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|10|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|A brief tornado was reported.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=144}}<ref name="NCEISanDiego">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5634259 #5634259]}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|storm}} | F0
|[[Seven Sisters, Texas|Seven Sisters]]
|[[Duval County, Texas|Duval]]
|[[Texas|TX]]
|{{coord|28.02|-98.55|name=Seven Sisters (February&nbsp;21, F0)}}
|00:00–?
|{{convert|0.1|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|10|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|A brief tornado was reported.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=144}}<ref name="NCEISevenSisters">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5634343 #]}}</ref>
|}

===February&nbsp;22 event===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+ Confirmed tornadoes – Sunday, February 22, 1998{{refn|group=nb|name=Date/Time}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Width}}
|-
! scope="col"  style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Fujita scale|F#]]
! scope="col"  style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|Location
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|County / Parish
! scope="col"  style="width:5%; text-align:center;"|State
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Start<br>{{abbr|coord.|Coordinates}}
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Path length
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|{{abbr|Max.|Maximum}} width
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:48%; text-align:center;"|Summary
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|storm}} | F0
|[[Taylor, Alabama|Taylor]]
|[[Houston County, Alabama|Houston]]
|[[Alabama|AL]]
|{{coord|31.17|-85.47|name=Taylor (February&nbsp;22, F0)}}
|14:00–?
|{{convert|0.3|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|50|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|This short-lived, weak tornado, visible as a [[funnel cloud]], affected 52 homes in a subdivision of Taylor, damaging or downing sheds, fencing, awnings, porches, shingles, power lines, and trees. Losses totaled $75,000.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|pp=8–9}}<ref name="Taylor">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5631550 #5631550]}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|storm}} | F0
|[[Hollister, Florida|Hollister]]
|[[Putnam County, Florida|Putnam]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|29.62|-81.82|name=Hollister (February&nbsp;22, F0)}}
|20:45–?
|{{convert|0.2|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|30|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|A brief, weak tornado felled several large trees. Losses totaled $4,000.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=50}}<ref name="Hollister">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5635044 #5635044]}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|storm}} | F0
|N of [[Toledo, Georgia|Toledo]]
|[[Charlton County, Georgia|Charlton]]
|[[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]]
|{{coord|29.62|-81.82|name=Toledo (February&nbsp;22, F0)}}
|22:05–?
|{{convert|0.5|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|30|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|Occurring south-southwest of [[Folkston, Georgia|Folkston]], a weak tornado downed several large trees, snapped power lines, and damaged a [[mobile home]]. Losses totaled $5,000. Tornado ended near [[Chesser Island]] in the [[Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge#Geography|Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge]].{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=62}}<ref name="Hollister"/>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat1}} | F1
|[[Indialantic, Florida|Indialantic]]
|[[Brevard County, Florida|Brevard]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|28.08|-80.57|name=Indialantic (February&nbsp;22, F1)}}
|22:20–?
|{{convert|1|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|50|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|This tornado originated as a [[waterspout]] over the [[Indian River (Florida)|Indian River]] and headed northeast at {{convert|30|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, proceeding ashore a short distance north of [[U.S. Route 192#Route description|U.S. Highway 192]] in Indialantic. One home was unroofed and 10 others received damage. Pool screens, awnings, carports, and several trees were damaged or downed as well. Losses totaled $200,000.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|pp=45–6}}<ref name="Indialantic">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5648625 #5648625]}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|storm}} | F0
|[[Coleman, Florida|Coleman]]
|[[Sumter County, Florida|Sumter]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|28.80|-82.07|name=Coleman (February&nbsp;22, F0)}}
|02:50–?
|{{convert|0.1|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|5|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|A brief, weak tornado developed near the intersection of [[U.S. Route 301 in Florida#Route description|U.S. Highway 301]] and [[List of county roads in Sumter County, Florida#County Road 468|County Road 468]], damaging or downing trees, a pair of power poles, two sheds, and a mobile home. Losses totaled $20,000.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=60}}<ref name="Coleman">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5638053 #5638053]}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat2}} | F2
|SW of [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]] to [[South Daytona, Florida|South Daytona]]
|[[Volusia County, Florida|Volusia]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|29.17|-81.10|name=Daytona Beach (February&nbsp;22, F2)}}
|03:55–04:05
|{{convert|8|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|150|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|1 death – The first [[Fujita scale#Rating classifications|significant]] (F2 or stronger) tornado of the outbreak formed from the same supercell as the preceding tornado in Sumter County, touching down on [[U.S. Route 92#Route description|Route 92]] and killing a 41-year-old man in a mobile home before tracking over the intersection of [[Interstate 95 in Florida#Route description|I-95]] and [[Interstate 4#Route description|I-4]], overturning four [[semi-trailer truck]]s. Afterward, the tornado passed just south of [[Daytona International Speedway]] and [[Daytona Beach International Airport]], damaging or destroying 64 homes and 150 mobile homes in the Pelican Bay development and the Colonial Colony South trailer park, respectively, along with numerous cars. In all, the tornado destroyed or damaged 600 structures. {{citation needed span|text=Roof trusses were carried up to {{convert|1|mi|km|abbr=on}}.|date=October 2021}} Three people were injured and losses totaled $4&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=46}}<ref name="Daytona">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5643839 #5643839]}}</ref><ref name="BikeWeek">{{cite web |last1=Jordan |first1=Henry |title=Tornadoes Hit Daytona Beach, Florida Just Before '98 Bike Week |url=http://bikeweekreport.com/tornado.html |website=Bike Week Report |access-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000613023314/http://bikeweekreport.com/tornado.html |archive-date=June 13, 2000 |location=Daytona Beach, Florida}}</ref>{{sfn|Sharp|Cristaldi|Spratt|1998|p=1}}
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat3}} | F3
|S of [[Orange Mountain, Florida|Orange Mountain]] to SE of [[Piedmont, Florida|Piedmont]]
|[[Lake County, Florida|Lake]], [[Orange County, Florida|Orange]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|28.48|-81.72|name=Orange Mountain (February&nbsp;22, F3)}}
|04:37–05:00
|{{convert|18|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|200|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|3 deaths – The first of three intense (F3 or stronger) tornadoes in the outbreak began south-southeast of [[Clermont, Florida|Clermont]], downing trees across rural portions of Lake County, before moving into the [[Winter Garden, Florida|Winter Garden]]–[[Ocoee, Florida|Ocoee]] area, where 500 buildings were destroyed or damaged, including those at a mobile home park and an apartment complex. 70 people were injured and losses totaled $15&nbsp;million. The tornado ended north-northwest of [[Lockhart, Florida|Lockhart]].{{sfn|NOAA|1998|p=4}}{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=46}}<ref name="ClermontLake">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5643840 #5643840]}}</ref><ref name="WGOrange">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5643841 #5643841]}}</ref><ref name="Chronology" />
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat3}} | F3
|[[Longwood, Florida|Longwood]] to NNW of [[Palm Shadows, Florida|Palm Shadows]]
|[[Seminole County, Florida|Seminole]], [[Volusia County, Florida|Volusia]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|28.70|-81.35|name=Longwood (February&nbsp;23, F3)}}
|05:10–05:28
|{{convert|16|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|200|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|13 deaths – This tornado formed from the same storm as the Winter Garden–Ocoee F3, heading northeast at {{convert|45|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. It severely damaged neighborhoods and mobile home parks in southeastern [[Sanford, Florida|Sanford]], resulting in 12 fatalities there. {{citation needed span|text=Several buildings were destroyed at the [[Orlando Sanford International Airport|Sanford Airport]].|date=October 2021}} A total of 625 structures were damaged or destroyed. The tornado killed a 53-year-old man {{convert|4|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Osteen, Florida|Osteen]] before ending just west of [[Lemon Bluff, Florida|Lemon Bluff]]. 36 people were injured and losses totaled $31&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=46}}<ref name="Longwood">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5643842 #5643842]}}</ref><ref name="Osteen">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5643843 #5643843]}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat3}} | F3
|SSW of [[Campbell, Florida|Campbell]] to W of [[Port St. John, Florida|Port St. John]]
|[[Osceola County, Florida|Osceola]], [[Orange County, Florida|Orange]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|28.23|-81.48|name=Campbell (February&nbsp;23, F3)}}
|05:40–06:38
|{{convert|38|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|250|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|25 deaths – [[1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak#Intercession City–Campbell–Poinciana–Kissimmee–Buenaventura Lakes–Lake Hart–Lake Mary Jane, Florida|See section on this tornado]] – This, the deadliest tornado in Florida history, was initially rated F4. At least 150 people were injured and losses totaled $55&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|pp=46–7}}<ref name="Intercession">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5641811 #5641811]}}</ref><ref name="Christmas">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5641812 #5641812]}}</ref><ref name="Colorado">{{cite report|author-last1=Wilson|author-first1=Jennifer|author-last2=Oyola-Yemaiel|author-first2=Arthur|url=http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr110/qr110.html|title=Quick Response Report #110|date=November 4, 1998|publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]]|location=University Park, Florida|publication-place=[[Boulder, Colorado]]|accessdate=October 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627010720/http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr110/qr110.html|archivedate=2008-06-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat2}} | F2
|S of [[Creighton, Florida|Creighton]] to [[Ariel, Florida|Ariel]]
|[[Volusia County, Florida|Volusia]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|28.85|-80.93|name=Creighton (February&nbsp;23, F2)}}
|05:45–05:52
|{{convert|5|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|150|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|A strong tornado formed from the same storm as the Sanford F3, passing through the [[Oak Hill, Florida|Oak Hill]] area. A few barns and several trees were downed, while a pair of houses and 10 mobile homes received damage. Losses totaled $500,000.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=46}}<ref name="OakHill">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5643844 #5643844]}}</ref><ref name="NWSMLB-1998" />
|}

===February&nbsp;23 event===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+ Confirmed tornadoes – Monday, February 23, 1998{{refn|group=nb|name=Date/Time}}{{refn|group=nb|name=Width}}
|-
! scope="col"  style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Fujita scale|F#]]
! scope="col"  style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|Location
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|County / Parish
! scope="col"  style="width:5%; text-align:center;"|State
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Start<br>{{abbr|coord.|Coordinates}}
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|Path length
! scope="col"  style="width:6%; text-align:center;"|{{abbr|Max.|Maximum}} width
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:48%; text-align:center;"|Summary
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat1}} | F1
|Southern [[Titusville, Florida|Titusville]]
|[[Brevard County, Florida|Brevard]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|28.55|-80.77|name=Titusville (February&nbsp;23, F1)}}
|06:38–?
|{{convert|1|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|100|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|A brief tornado developed from the same storm as the long-tracked Kissimmee F3, passing northwest of the [[Space Coast Regional Airport|Titusville Airport]]. Four houses were damaged and trees were downed. Losses totaled $500,000.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=47}}<ref name="Titusville">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5641813 #5641813]}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#{{storm colour|cat1}} | F1
|[[Cape Canaveral, Florida|Cape Canaveral]]
|[[Brevard County, Florida|Brevard]]
|[[Florida|FL]]
|{{coord|28.42|-80.53|name=Cape Canaveral (February&nbsp;23, F1)}}
|07:30–?
|{{convert|1|mi|km|sortable=on}}
|{{convert|75|yd|m|sortable=on}}
|A brief tornado hit [[Port Canaveral]] from the west, damaging 30 structures. The tornado formed over the [[Banana River]] and dissipated over the Atlantic Ocean. Losses totaled $1&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Storm Data|1998|p=47}}<ref name="Canaveral">{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5641814 #5641814]}}</ref>
|}
{{clear}}

===Intercession City–Campbell–Poinciana–Kissimmee–Buenaventura Lakes–Lake Hart–Lake Mary Jane, Florida===
{{Infobox storm
 | name                 = Intercession City–Campbell–Poinciana–Kissimmee–Buenaventura Lakes–Lake Hart–Lake Mary Jane, Florida
 | image                = 
 | caption              = 
 | fujitascale          = F3
 | tornado duration     = 
 | highest winds        = 
 | fatalities           = 25 fatalities, ≥ 150 injuries
 | damages              = $55&nbsp;million (1998 USD)
 | location             = [[Central Florida]]
 | current advisories   = 
 | enhanced             = no
 | notes                = 
}}
This devastating, long-tracked tornado was initially assigned an F4 rating, but NWS assessments later reduced this to high-end F3 intensity. The tornado began near [[Intercession City, Florida|Intercession City]], only {{convert|8|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Walt Disney World]], and moved northeastward. It first did some minor damage to homes in the Campbell–[[Poinciana, Florida|Poinciana]] area. As it moved into [[Kissimmee, Florida|Kissimmee]], it leveled part of The Shops at Kissimmee shopping center and crossed the northern part of [[Lake Tohopekaliga]].

The tornado subsequently crossed [[U.S. Route 441 in Florida|U.S. Route 441]] and reached its maximum intensity as it struck the Ponderosa Pines RV park. In the RV park, at least 10&nbsp;people died and almost all of the 200&nbsp;residences, including both RVs and mobile homes, were destroyed. Many of these residences had their frames thrown, stripped, and wrapped around trees. Many trees were snapped and uprooted as well. Nearby, the Morningside Acres mobile home park was devastated as well. Upon leaving the Ponderosa Pines and Morningside areas, the tornado heavily damaged homes next to a school in the Lakeside Estates subdivision of [[Buenaventura Lakes, Florida|Buenaventura Lakes]].

After devastating the Kissimmee area, the tornado mostly impacted rural, swampy areas in Orange and Brevard counties, though it hit a few lakeside homes in [[Lake Hart, Florida|Lake Hart]] and [[Lake Mary Jane, Florida|Lake Mary Jane]]. It lifted over the [[Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area]], {{convert|8|mi|km|abbr=on}} east-southeast of [[Christmas, Florida|Christmas]], west of [[Port St. John, Florida|Port St. John]]—just before the Great Outdoors RV Park, which, according to the NWS, was "one of the largest in the United States, housing 1,000&nbsp;recreational vehicle lots." Along the entire path, 1,000&nbsp;structures were damaged or destroyed, including several well-built homes that were nearly leveled. At least one&nbsp;new home, built of [[stucco]] and [[Concrete masonry unit#Uses|CBUs]], was flattened except for its front entryway and part of a wall.<ref name="KissimmeeSummary">Multiple sources:
*{{cite web |title=F3 Tornado – Facts Just for Kids |url=https://www.factsjustforkids.com/weather-facts/tornado-facts-for-kids/fujita-scale/f3-tornado/ |website=Facts Just for Kids |access-date=January 5, 2022 |date=July 19, 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tlh/topevents/|title=Florida's Top 10 Weather Events of the 20th Century|website=National Weather Service Forecast Office Tallahassee, FL|publisher=National Weather Service|location=Tallahassee, Florida|accessdate=October 7, 2021 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080422071439/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tlh/topevents/  |archivedate = April 22, 2008}}
*{{cite web|title=Kissimmee Photos|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/?n=kissimmeepics|website=NWS WFO Melbourne, Florida|publisher=National Weather Service|access-date=October 8, 2021|location=Melbourne, Florida|date=August 20, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225091725/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/?n=kissimmeepics|archive-date=February 25, 2014}}
*{{harvnb|Storm Data|1998|pp=46–7}}
*{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5641811 #5641811]}}
*{{harvnb|Storm Data Publication|1998|loc=[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5641812 #5641812]}}
*{{cite web|title=The Central Florida Tornado Outbreak of February 22nd & 23rd, 1998|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/?n=022398|website=National Weather Service Weather [[List of National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices|Forecast Office]] Melbourne, Florida|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=Melbourne, Florida|date=November 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528073258/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/?n=022398|archive-date=May 28, 2010|accessdate=October 8, 2021}}
*{{cite report|author-last1=Wilson|author-first1=Jennifer|author-last2=Oyola-Yemaiel|author-first2=Arthur|url=http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr110/qr110.html|title=Quick Response Report #110|date=November 4, 1998|publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]]|location=University Park, Florida|publication-place=[[Boulder, Colorado]]|accessdate=October 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627010720/http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr110/qr110.html|archivedate=2008-06-27|url-status=dead}}
</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks]]
*[[2007 Groundhog Day tornado outbreak]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Harold E. |author-link1=Harold E. Brooks |title=On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity |journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]] |date=April 2004 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=310–19 |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2004WtFor..19..310B }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=A. R.|last2=Schaefer|first2=J. T. |title=The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]] |date=August 2008|volume=136|issue=8|page=3135|doi=10.1175/2007MWR2171.1 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008MWRv..136.3121C}}
*{{cite book |last1=Grazulis |first1=Thomas P. |authorlink1=Thomas P. Grazulis |title=Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events |date=July 1993 |publisher=The Tornado Project of Environmental Films |location=[[St. Johnsbury, Vermont]] |isbn=1-879362-03-1}}
*{{cite book|last1=Grazulis|first1=Thomas P.|authorlink1=Thomas P. Grazulis|title=The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm|url=https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz|url-access=registration|date=2001a|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|location=[[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]]|isbn=978-0-8061-3538-0}}
*{{Cite book|last=Grazulis|first=Thomas P. |title=F5-F6 Tornadoes|publisher=The Tornado Project of Environmental Films|year=2001b |location=St. Johnsbury, Vermont}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Hagemeyer|first1=Bartlett C.|title=Peninsular Florida Tornado Outbreaks|journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]]|date=September 1997|volume=12|issue=3|page=400|location=Boston|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0399:PFTO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1997WtFor..12..399H|doi-access=free|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234629}}
*{{cite report|ref={{harvid|Storm Data Publication|1998}}|author=[[National Weather Service]]|date=February 1998 |title=Storm Data Publication|publisher=[[National Centers for Environmental Information]]|via=Storm Events Database}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Storm Data|1998}} |author1=National Weather Service |date=February 1998 |title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena |journal=[[Storm Data]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |location=Asheville, North Carolina|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/sd/sd.html}}
*{{cite report|last1=Sharp|first1=David W.|last2=Cristaldi|first2=Anthony J.|last3=Spratt|first3=Scott M.|last4=Hagemeyer|first4=Bartlett C.|display-authors=3|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/media/mlb/pdfs/EastCentralFloridaTornadoOutbreakof22-23February1998.pdf|title=Multifaceted General Overview of the East Central Florida Tornado Outbreak of 22–23 February 1998|website=NWS WFO Melbourne, Florida|publisher=National Weather Service|location=Melbourne, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129083800/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/media/mlb/pdfs/EastCentralFloridaTornadoOutbreakof22-23February1998.pdf|archive-date=November 29, 2011|accessdate=October 8, 2021|date=October 22, 1998|ref={{harvid|Sharp|Cristaldi|Spratt|1998}}}}
*{{cite report|author1=[[United States Department of Commerce]]|url=https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/cntrlfl.pdf|title=Central Florida Tornado Outbreak February 22–23, 1998|website=[[National Weather Service]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|location=Silver Spring, Maryland|date=June 1998|access-date=October 8, 2021|series=Service Assessment|ref={{harvid|NOAA|1998}}}}

{{1998 tornado outbreaks}}
{{Alabama tornado events}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1998 Kissimmee Tornado Outbreak}}
[[Category:F3 tornadoes|K]]
[[Category:Tornadoes of 1998|K]]
[[Category:Tornadoes in Florida|K]]
[[Category:1998 in Florida|Kissimmee Tornado Outbreak, 1998]]
[[Category:1998 natural disasters in the United States|Kissimmee]]
[[Category:Kissimmee, Florida|K]]
[[Category:February 1998 events in the United States|Kissimmee tornado outbreak]]